Lab Underlined Words - Vertebrates

Front 1

adaptation

Back 1

a trait that enhances evolutionary fitness and that arose historically as a result of natural selection for its current biological function.

Front 2

diversity

Back 2

number of species within a specific lineage (ex. vertebrates, or primates or genus Homo), and is a relative term to compare two groups

Front 3

disparity

Back 3

range of anatomical structural variation (ex. body shape, or brain complexity), which is often erroneously, confused with diversity.

Front 4

Descriptive Term-Ventral

Back 4

describing or towards the belly surface or undersurface

Front 5

Descriptive Term-Dorsal

Back 5

describing or towards the back or upper surface

Front 6

DT-Medial

Back 6

describing or towards the mid region

Front 7

DT-Lateral

Back 7

describing or towards the sides (right,left)

Front 8

DT-Anterior

Back 8

the head end, or the part which moves forward

Front 9

DT-Posterior

Back 9

the opposite part or surface to the head.

Front 10

DT-Distal

Back 10

away from the point of reference (usually main mass)

Front 11

DT-Proximal

Back 11

near the point of reference

Front 12

DT-Superfical

Back 12

on or near the surface

Front 13

DT-Deep

Back 13

away from the surface

Front 14

DT-Oral

Back 14

the surface on which the mouth is located

Front 15

DT-Aboral

Back 15

surface opposite from that containing the mouth

Front 16

DT-Cephalic

Back 16

towards the head

Front 17

DT-Caudal

Back 17

towards the tail

Front 18

DT-Superior

Back 18

up

Front 19

DT-Inferior

Back 19

down

Front 20

Body Symmetry

Back 20

radial or bilateral. symmetry is shown by most symmetry.
Radial symmetry-organisms can be divided in half by many planes
Bilateral symmetry-organisms can be divided in half by only one plane (each side is a mirror image of the other)

Front 21

Body Axes and Planes(BAP)

Back 21

used in bilateral symmetric organisms for orientation and reference

Front 22

BAP-
Anteroposterior/longitudinal axis

Back 22

a line extending in the anterior to posterior direction

Front 23

BAP-Dorsiventral axis

Back 23

a line extending from the dorsal to ventral side

Front 24

BAP-Transverse axis

Back 24

a line running laterally, across the body (from side to side)

Front 25

Sagittal plane

Back 25

this plane divides the organism into left and right sides. (mid-sagittal makes them equal, parasagittal unequal)

Front 26

Transverse plane

Back 26

a cross that includes transverse and dorsiventral axes

Front 27

Frontal plane

Back 27

any plane, which includes transverse and anteroposterior axes.

Front 28

head

Back 28

first longitudinal successive region of animal body where all major sense organs including the brain, mouth and associated structures are located

Front 29

trunk

Back 29

second longitudinal successive region of animal body, is the main body of the animal that terminates in the region of the anus or cloaca

Front 30

tail

Back 30

third longitudinal successive region of animal body, a post-anal extension of flesh and skeleton that lacks any part of the gut. They function in PROPULSION (fish, whales, crocodiles), for BALANCE (kangaroos, birds, lizards), or for THERMOREGULATION and DISPLAY

Front 31

cheek puches

Back 31

found in some mammals, and are part of the mouth. used to carry food or nesting materials

Front 32

incisor

Back 32

curved, chisel-like teeth that have hardened enamel only on the front. As a result, the softer dentine on the back side erodes more quickly and the incisors are self sharpening.

Front 33

oral cavity

Back 33

also called mouth, the opening through which food is taken in and vocalizations came out. Is formed by the hard palate anteriorly and a boneless soft palate posteriorly

Front 34

hard palate

Back 34

makes the anterior boundary of the oral cavity

Front 35

tongue

Back 35

muscular organ in the mouth of mammals used for tasting, licking and swallowing

Front 36

coelom

Back 36

is the space between the inner and outer tubes and is lined with peritoneum. The trunk region of vertebrates in constructed like double tubular system. The inner tube is the digestive tract and the outer tube is the body wall of the organism.

Front 37

thoracic cavity

Back 37

contains the heart and lungs that are protected by the rib cage

Front 38

abdominal cavity

Back 38

contains most of the digestive tract and excretory system

Front 39

salivary glands

Back 39

number of small glands (consisting of the parotids and submaxillaries), located on top of the muscles of the lower jaw and neck. The secretions of the salivary glands empty into the oral cavity.

Front 40

submaxillaries

Back 40

part of the salivary glands; are large and are located medially on the ventral surface

Front 41

parotids

Back 41

part of the salivary glands; are not as well defined as the submaxillaries and are located to the sides of the submaxillaries. The parotid duct extends from teh parotid gland into the mouth.

Front 42

lymph nodes

Back 42

spherical yellow-whitish nodes that filter the lymph fluid and are a part of the body's immune system. located anterior to the submaxillaries.

Front 43

lacrymal (tear) glands

Back 43

large glands that can be found on the sides of the neck, anterior to the parotids. The lacrymal duct connects the lacrymal gland to the eye.

Front 44

diaphragm

Back 44

a flap of muscle that serves as the major muscle of respiration. Contraction and relaxation varies the pressure within the thoracic cavity and pleural cavity, which results in inspiration and expiration respectively. In mammals, divides the the coelom into the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The falciform ligament attaches part of the liver and diaphragm to the abdominal wall

Front 45

lungs

Back 45

pair of organs found inside the rib cage, consisting of elastic sacs with branching passages into which air is drawn. Is the site of oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange with the blood. Found in most vertebrates, expect fish.

Front 46

heart

Back 46

a hallow muscular organ found inside the rib cage that pumps blood through the circulatory system by rhythmic contraction and dilation.

Front 47

trachea

Back 47

windpipe; large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage (prevent collapse), extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes, conveying air to and from the lungs.

Front 48

veins

Back 48

tubles of the circulatory system that lead to the heart. DOES NOT mean the blood is oxygen-depleted.

Front 49

arteries

Back 49

tubles of the circulatory system that lead AWAY from the heart. DOES NOT mean the blood is oxygen-rich.

Front 50

Blood movement

Back 50

circulatory system in humans/rats made up of two curcits

deoxygenated blood from liver, anterior and lateral body regions -----RIGHT ATRIUM---TRICUSPID(one way valve)----RIGHT VENTRICLE---PULMONARY ARTERIES---LUNGS

oxygenated blood from LUNGS---PULMONARY VEINS--LEFT ATRIUM---BICUSPID VALVE (one way valve)----LEFT VENTRICLE----large AORTA---circulates both anteriorly and posteriorly through the body

Front 51

right atrium

Back 51

receives deoxygenated blood from veins, pumps into right ventricle via the tricuspid valve

Front 52

right ventricle

Back 52

receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium via the tricuspid valve and pumps it into the pulmonary arteries to the lungs

Front 53

pulmonary arteries

Back 53

receive deoxygenated blood form the right ventricle to transport the lungs

Front 54

pulmonary veins

Back 54

receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and transport to the left atrium

Front 55

left atrium

Back 55

receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins, and pump it into the left ventricle via the bicuspid valve

Front 56

left ventricle

Back 56

receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium via the bicuspid and pumps into the aorta

Front 57

aorta

Back 57

receives oxygenated blood from the left ventricle and leads to circulation of blood both anteriorly and posteriorly through the body.

Front 58

spleen

Back 58

prominent component of the lymph system that is located just dorsal to the stomach and is bright red. Blood is filtered and acted upon by a large number of lymphocytes and phagocytes within the spleen. It is also important in the storage and destruction of red blood cells

Front 59

esophagus

Back 59

muscular tube that is part of the alimentary canal that connects the mouth to the stomach for the passage of food called bolus (swallowed food); it plays no further role in digestion. When not in use, it is collapsed, and lies dorsal to the trachea.

Front 60

mesenteries

Back 60

thin sheets of connective tissue that suspends the organs of the abdominal cavity from the dorsal surface of the abdominal cavity. Blood vessels pass to and from the organs via the mesenteries.

Front 61

stomach

Back 61

a large pouch-like expansion of the gut that serves to store food. Both physical and chemical treatment of the food occurs here. It secretes hydrochloric acid (HCl), which provides the optimal acidity for enzymatic activity and aids in digestion and kills/inhibits bacteria. Posterior end of stomach contains pyloric sphincter, that regulates emptying of acidic chyme from stomach into the small intestine.

Front 62

small intestine

Back 62

part of intestine that connects stomach and colon and is divided into three regions on the basis of internal differences (not much external difference); the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum

Front 63

duodenum

Back 63

first region of the small intestine; secretions from the liver and pancreas enter the duodenum and aid in digestion.

Front 64

jejunum

Back 64

second region of the small intestine

Front 65

ileum

Back 65

third and last region of the small intestine

Front 66

liver

Back 66

large glandular organ made up of dark red lobes found in the abdomen of vertebrates and involved in many metabolic processes. It secretes into the duodenum for help in digesting the acidic chyme from the stomach.

Front 67

pancreas

Back 67

irregular pinkish or grayish gland located on the mesentery below the stomach near the first loop of the small intestine. Pancreatic juices contain digestive enzymes (which break down proteins, carbohydrates and fats), and large quantities of bicarbonate ions that empty into the duodenum and neutralize the acidic chyme entering from acidic stomach to less acidic intestines.

Front 68

large intestine (colon)

Back 68

the last part of the digestive system that comes after the small intestines and is made up of the caecum, colon and rectum. Colon functions in reabsorbing water, (unabsorbed material forms the feces). The large intestine makes a single loop and ends in the rectum

Front 69

caecum

Back 69

a large finger-shaped out pocketing found at the junction between the small and large intestines. contains special bacteria in most herbivores that aid the breakdown of complex carbohydrates such as cellulose

Front 70

rectum

Back 70

the very end portion of the large intestine that empties to the outside via the anus for the passage of feces.

Front 71

anus

Back 71

the opening at the end of the alimentary canal through which solid waste matter leaves the body. Feces empty into the anus from the rectum

Front 72

kidneys

Back 72

pair of organs in the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity. They function to filter the blood, removing wastes (urea and ammonia) which are diverted into the urinary bladder. Blood enters the kidneys via the renal artery and exists via the renal vein. Functional units of kidneys are nephrons and are responsible for forming urine and regulating ionic balance.

Front 73

ureter

Back 73

the duct through which urine exits the kidney and enters the urinary bladder or cloaca

Front 74

cortex

Back 74

outer layer of kidney that contains large numbers of renal corpuscles. location of the glomeruli (clumps of capillaries) and convoluted tubules.

Front 75

medulla

Back 75

inner part of kidney, composed of collecting tubules that empty into the renal pelvis

Front 76

renal pelvis

Back 76

funnel-like proximal expansion of the ureter

Front 77

female gonads

Back 77

made up of the uterus, ovaries and vagina. The fallopian tubes (oviduct)- coiled white structure, immediately adjacent to ovaries- conducts egg from ovary to uterus.

Fertilization occurs in oviduct, and is followed by implantation in the uterus

Front 78

uterus

Back 78

the womb; the Y-shaped organ found against the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity. This is where offspring are conceived and gestated before birth.

Front 79

ovaries

Back 79

pair of organs found in vertebrates in which ova or eggs (female gametes) are formed. They are found at the end of each uterine horn. They are highly vascularized and may have bumps on the surface, which represent mature follicles.

Front 80

vagina

Back 80

muscular tube leading from uterus to the outside

Front 81

male gonads

Back 81

the ejaculatory duct connects to the urethra that extends distally into the penis. Hence males have a common urogenital tract, which isn't the case for females.

Front 82

testes (pl)
testis(singular)

Back 82

the reproductive organ that produces spermatozoa (immature male gametes) that are located within the scrotum

Front 83

scrotum

Back 83

a pocket of skin holding the testes.

Front 84

van deferens

Back 84

duct that transfers sperm from the cauda epididymis of testes to a short ejaculatory duct and then into the urethra during ejaculation

Front 85

seminal vesicles

Back 85

accessory glands which secrete a fluid high in fructose that aids in the motility and viability of the sperm. All secretions from the accessory glands enter into the ejaculatory duct and then eventually into the urethra.

Front 86

coagulating glands

Back 86

accessory glands which together with the seminal vesicles secrete fluids that form the copulatory plug

Front 87

prostate glands

Back 87

accessory glands that secrete the largest share of the fluid in semen

Front 88

preputial glands

Back 88

accessory glands which secrete oils that help lubricate the penis.

Front 89

penis

Back 89

organ made up of erectile tissue and holds the duct through which seminal fluid passes out during ejaculation. also serves as duct through which urine passes out of body.