Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
176 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Where are the ovaries located?
|
deep in the lower part of the abdomen
|
|
|
How big are the ovaries?
|
2 inches long and 1 inch wide
|
|
|
How are the ovaries held in place?
|
ovarian ligament
|
|
|
The ovaries are anchored onto the pelvic wall by?
|
suspensory ligament
|
|
|
ovarian ligament attaches ovaries to the...?
|
uterus
|
|
|
What's the job of the mesovarium?
|
Supports and stabilizes ovaries in between the ovarian ligament and the suspensory ligament
|
|
|
2 layers of ovaries
|
outer cortex and inner medulla
|
|
|
What is interspersed throughout the cortex of the ovaries?
|
ovarian follicles
|
|
|
Define ovarian follicles.
|
tiny egg sacs interspersed throughout cortex of ovaries
|
|
|
How many ovarian follicles is a girl born with? when she reaches puberty?
|
2 million; then 400,00 (200,00 in each)
|
|
|
How many mature eggs are produced during the life of a female?
|
400
|
|
|
Each ovarian follicle contains an immature egg called...?
|
oocyte
|
|
|
When is an oocyte first present in a female's life?
|
at birth
|
|
|
3 stages of ovarian follicle
|
1.primary follicle
2.secondary follicle 3.Graafian follicle |
|
|
In a primary follicle, the primary oocyte divides how?
|
meiotically into two cells each having 23 chromosomes
|
|
|
When a primary oocyte divides, the secondary oocyte receives how much of the cytoplasm?
|
almost all
|
|
|
The primary oocyte divides and makes two cells. What are they?
|
secondary cells and polar bodies
|
|
|
What happens to polar bodies?
|
They disintegrate.
|
|
|
What happens to the secondary oocyte within the secondary follicle?
|
They are pushed to one side of a fluid-filled cavity
|
|
|
Describe the process of ovulation
|
In a Graafian follicle, the fluid-filled cavity increases until the follicle wall balloons out on the surface of the ovary. Then, it bursts and releases the secondary oocyte
|
|
|
What is a follicle referred to once it has lost its egg?
|
corpus luteum
|
|
|
Define Corpus luteum
|
sac like or gland like structure
|
|
|
What happens to corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?
|
degenerates
|
|
|
What happens to corpus luteum if pregancy does occur?
|
Corpus Luteum persists and secretes progesterone and estrogen
|
|
|
Near each ovary is an oviduct called...?
|
Fallopian or uterine tubes
|
|
|
Three layers of tissue in the Fallopian tubes...
|
outer serous membrane, middle layer of smooth muscle, and an inner epithelium
|
|
|
The distal point of the fallopian tube is the...
|
infindibulum
|
|
|
Describe infindibulum
|
funnel-shaped and has fingerlike projections called fimbriae
|
|
|
What happens to an egg when it bursts from the ovary during ovulation?
|
The egg is swept up into a fallopian tube by the fimbraie and the cilia within the oviducts.
|
|
|
When eggs are lost in the small space between the ovary and the fallopian tubes, what happens to the them?
|
The eggs disintegrate or implants itself in the abdominal wall and if it were to have been fertilized than become an ectopic pregnancy
|
|
|
When does fertilization usually occur within the fallopian tubes?
|
twenty four hours after ovulation
|
|
|
Describe structure of uterus.
|
thick-walled, muscular, pear-shaped organ
|
|
|
Where does the uterus lie?
|
just above the urinary bladder.
|
|
|
How is the uterus divided?
|
It is divided into a rounded superior portion called the fundus, a central portion called the body, a constricted area called the isthmus, and the most inferior portion, called the cervix.
|
|
|
2 layers of uterus
|
1. perimetrium (outer serous)
2. myometrium (middle muscular) 3. endometrium (inner mucus) |
|
|
The uterus is held into place by...
|
three pairs of ligaments and two single ligaments.
|
|
|
The paired broad ligaments of the uterus do what..
|
suspend the uterus and form a partition across the pelvic cavity.
|
|
|
The paired round ligaments of the uterus do what..
|
attach the uterus to the labia majora.
|
|
|
Paired uterosacral ligaments do what..
|
attach the uterus to the sacrum.
|
|
|
The single posterior ligament attaches the uterus to the rectum.
|
attaches the uterus to the rectum
|
|
|
The single anterior ligament does what?
|
attaches the uterus to the bladder.
|
|
|
Where does an embyro develop and how much does it strech?
|
in the uterus; from 2 to over 12 inches
|
|
|
The endometrium participates in the formation of..
|
the placenta
|
|
|
How can cervical cander be diagnosed?
|
Pap smear
|
|
|
What is hysterectomy?
|
Total removal of uterus
|
|
|
What is ovariohysterectomy?
|
removal of ovaries in addition to uterus
|
|
|
The cervix opens into the...
|
Vagina
|
|
|
Vagina is also known as...
|
birth canal
|
|
|
Three layers of vagina..
|
1. outer fibrous adventitia
2. muscular muscularis 3. mucosa with transverse rugae. |
|
|
Recess within vagina called..
|
fornix
|
|
|
What's job of fornix?
|
surrounds area where cervix projects into vagina
|
|
|
The opening of the vagina is AKA..
|
vaginal orifice
|
|
|
What is the vaginal orifice partially covered by?
|
hymen
|
|
|
What is imperforate hymen?
|
if the hymen closes the vaginal orifice, it must be removed to allow menstrual flow.
|
|
|
External genitals AKA
|
vulva
|
|
|
Vulva consists of two flaps called?
|
Labia majora- outer
Labia minora-inner |
|
|
Job of labia majora and minora?
|
Protect urinary and genital openings
|
|
|
Define clitoris
|
small knot of tissue and is an erectile organ
|
|
|
The clitoris is _____ to the penis
|
homologous
|
|
|
Define female orgasm
|
rhythmic spasms of muscles surrounding the vagina, and increased uterine motility which helps transport sperm toward the fallopian tubes.
|
|
|
True or false? The urinary and reproductive systems in the female are totally separate.
|
True
|
|
|
The mammary glands contain how many lobules?
|
15-25
|
|
|
Mammary glands are also known as..
|
breasts
|
|
|
Within each lobule of mammary glands, there are _____.
|
alveoli
|
|
|
Alveoli contain..
|
secretory cells
|
|
|
When milk is secreted from secretory cells, it enters...
|
secondary tubules
|
|
|
Several secondary tubules come together to form...
|
mammary duct
|
|
|
The mammary ducts expand below the nipple to form...
|
ampullae
|
|
|
What do lactiferous ducts do?
|
carry the milk from the ampullae to the nipple.
|
|
|
During pregnancy, estrogen and progestrone...
|
inhibit action of prolactin (lactogenic hormone)
|
|
|
Sucking the nipple stimulates..
|
nerve endings which stimulates hypthalamus, which releases prolactin and oxytocin
|
|
|
What does oxytocin do?
|
stimulates the release of milk from the lobules so that it flows into the ducts
|
|
|
Define colostrum.
|
very beginning stages of breast milk. It is watery, yellowish color that differs from milk in that it contains more protein and less fat.
|
|
|
What kind os immunity is colostrum?
|
Passive
|
|
|
three glands involved in female reproduction
|
1. hypthalamus (GnRH)
2. anterior pituitary (FSH and LH) 3. ovaries (progesterone and estrogen) |
|
|
What does estrogen do?
|
stimulates growth of the uterus and vagina; is necessary for egg maturation; is responsible for secondary sex characteristics; more body fat; larger pelvic girdle, and breast development.
|
|
|
What does progesterone do?
|
responsible for breast development; development of the uterus; and preparation of the uterus for implantation.
|
|
|
gonadotropic and sex hormones are not present in constant amounts in the female, and instead are secreted at different rates during a monthly _____.
|
ovarian cycle
|
|
|
Average ovarian cycle lasts...
|
28 days
|
|
|
3 phases of ovarain cycle
|
follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase.
|
|
|
What happens in follicular phase?
|
FSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary, causing an ovarian follicle to mature.
This follicle secretes estrogen. |
|
|
What happens during ovulation phase?
|
on about 14th day. A high level of estrogen in the blood causes the pituitary to decrease secretion of FSH, and begin secretion of LH.
|
|
|
What happens during luteal phase?
|
LH causes the ruptured follicle to develop into a corpus luteum which secretes progesterone.
A high level of progesterone in the blood causes the pituitary to decrease secretion of LH. The corpus luteum then degenerates. |
|
|
What happens during days 1-5 of uterine cycle?
|
low level of female sex hormones in the body, causing the uterine lining to disintegrate and its blood vessels to rupture.Menses passes out of the vagina during a period of menstruation, or the menstrual phase
|
|
|
Days 6-13 of uterine cycle
|
increased production of estrogen by an ovarian follicle causes the endometrium to thicken and to become vascular and glandular.
This is called the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle. |
|
|
Days 15-28 of uterine cycle
|
increased production of progesterone causes the endometrium to double in thickness and the uterine glands to mature, producing mucoid secretion.
This is called the secretory phase. |
|
|
Menpause usually occurs..
|
between ages 45 and 55
|
|
|
What happens to female ovaries at age 20?
|
become progressively less responsive to gonadotropins secreted by the anterior pituitary.
|
|
|
During menopause, menstruation ceases and
|
ovaries no longer secrete estrogen or progesterone
|
|
|
Menopause is often accompanied by..
|
hot flashes, headaches, nervous irritability, dizziness, depression, insomnia,
|
|
|
Testosterone levels begin to decrease at age..
|
50 to 60 but a man can father a child well into 80s
|
|
|
3 Major Areas of Birth Control
|
1.Morning after pill (DES,RU 486)
2. Depo-Provera (injectable substance every 3 months which inhibits follicle development) 3. Male Pill (interferes with production of sperm) |
|
|
Infertililty may be caused by..
|
inability to ovulate, anatomical malformation, radiation, certain chemicals, and drugs.
|
|
|
Artificial Insemination
|
here sperm are placed in the vagina by a physician.
|
|
|
In Vitro Fertilization
|
egg is removed from the mother's ovary, the egg is fertilized by sperm from the father and allowed to develop for a short period of time, and then then transplanted to the mother's uterus (when she is in the secretory phase) of her menstrual cycle
|
|
|
Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer
|
same as IVF, except the sperm and egg are immediately placed in the oviducts after being brought together.
|
|
|
When does human development occur?
|
between the time of fertilization and birth
|
|
|
Where does fertilization occur?
|
1/3 of the way between the ovary and the uterus
|
|
|
When can sperm fertilize an oocyte?
|
When it's been in the reproductive tract for six to seven hours
|
|
|
Capacitation
|
removal of a layer of cholesterol deposited on the plasma membrane of the sperm
|
|
|
When are acrosomal enzymes released?
|
When the sperm's coat is removed and the membranes become fragile and disruptible
|
|
|
What is needed to disolve the membrane of the female oocyte?
|
hyaluronidase
|
|
|
What must the sperm pass through to reach the oocyte?
|
1. corona radiata, zona pellucida, then has contact with plasma membrane of oocyte
|
|
|
When the first sperm contacts the membrane, it gets pulled into the________ and the membrane______,which blocks other sperm from fusing with the oocyte called _______.
|
oocyte's cytoplasm, depolarizes, fast block to polysperm
|
|
|
What is a slow block to polyspermy?
|
enzymes released from cortical granules harden the zona pellucida, and detaches all other attached sperm
|
|
|
Sperm contact triggers the second _____ converting the secondary oocyte into _____.
|
meiotic division; ovum
|
|
|
The sperm becomes the male ________ and the nucleus of the ovum becomes_______.
|
pronucleus, the female pronucleus
|
|
|
The male pronucleus and the female pronucleus fuse to for a ....?
|
zygote
|
|
|
cleavage
|
series of cell division without growth
|
|
|
growth
|
an increase in the number of cells with an increase in the size of the cells
|
|
|
differentiation
|
occurs when cells become specialized for a particular function.
|
|
|
Organogenesis
|
formation of body organs and organ system
|
|
|
morphogenesis
|
is the movement of cells to establish the shape of an organism.
|
|
|
4 EXTRAEMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
|
1. Chlorion
2. Allantois 3. Amnion 4. Yolk Sak |
|
|
Chlorion
|
In humans it forms the fetal half of the placenta, where nutritional exchange occurs with the mother's blood.
In birds & reptiles it lies just beneath the shell and performs gas exchange. |
|
|
Allantois
|
saclike structure which is used in birds and reptiles to collect metabolic wastes of the embryo.
In humans it is through the blood vessels of the allantois that exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur. These vessels become the umbilical blood vessels. |
|
|
Amnion
|
In birds, reptiles, and humans it is a fluid-filled sac that surrounds the embryo, which acts as a cushion and bathes the embryo.
|
|
|
Yolk Sak
|
It surrounds the yolk, which is a source of food for the bird or reptile embryo.
In us this is fulfilled by the placenta. |
|
|
When is embryonic development? Fetal development?
|
first two months, 3-9 months
|
|
|
Solid ball of cells
|
morula
|
|
|
On day 3 of embryonic development, the morula...
|
reaches the uterus
|
|
|
Day 5, the morula becomes...
|
blastocyst
|
|
|
outer layer of blastocyst..
|
trophoblast
|
|
|
inner cell mass in embryonic stage
|
becomes fetus
|
|
|
if inner cell mass splits..
|
they would be twins
|
|
|
During the second week, the embro moves into the endometrium called ....
|
implantation
|
|
|
Deepest layer of endometrium...
|
decidua basalis
|
|
|
In the second week, the blastocyst is covered by other uterine tissue called...
|
decidua capsularis
|
|
|
What marks the beginning of pregnancy?
|
Implantation
|
|
|
Implantation occurs when?
|
5-10 days after fertilization
|
|
|
How large is the embryo during the second week?
|
The size of a period
|
|
|
Developing embyro or trophoblast secretes _______, which prevents ________.
|
human chorionic gonadotropin; ovulation
|
|
|
During the second week, HCG also prevents the corpus luteum from disintegrating, so it can
|
continue to secrete progesterone which maintains the endometrium.
|
|
|
Home pregnancy tests check for presence of hormone..
|
HCG
|
|
|
What happens 15 minutes after the baby is born?
|
afterbirth (uterine contractions expel placenta)
|
|
|
episiotomy
|
incision to enlarge the opening of the vagina
|
|
|
Umbilical cord scar becomes...
|
navel
|
|
|
3 stages of labor
|
1. dilation
2. expulsion 3. placental |
|
|
During dilation, contractions are how far apart?
|
15-20 minutes
|
|
|
During dilation, the amniotic sac ruptures, releasing...
|
amniotic fluids
|
|
|
During dilation, the mucus plug is released from the cervical canal, which prevented...
|
bacteria and sperm from entering the uterus during pregnancy
|
|
|
Partuition
|
includes labor and expulsion of the fetus
|
|
|
Contractions during true labor
|
15- 20 minute intervals that last 40 seconds long
|
|
|
What hormones induce uterine contraction?
|
prostaglandins and oxytocin
|
|
|
When does the fetus rotate?
|
In the eighth and ninth months
|
|
|
In the eighth and ninth months, how big is the fetus
|
The fetus is now about seven and a half pounds and is about 21 inches long
|
|
|
Describe fetal circulation from the aorta
|
Blood within the aorta travels to the various branches, including the iliac arteries that connect to the umbilical arteries leading to the placenta.
The umbilical vein enters the venous duct, which passes directly through the liver. The venous duct then joins with the inferior vena cava. |
|
|
blue baby or cyanosis.
|
If the foramen ovale or ductus arteriosus do not close at birth, the blood has inadequate oxygenation
|
|
|
Describe fetal circulation to the aorta.
|
From the right atrium, the blood may pass directly into the left atrium by way of the oval opening or it may pass through the atrioventricular valve into the right ventricle.
From the right ventricle the blood goes into the pulmonary artery, but because of the arterial duct, most of the blood then passes into the aorta |
|
|
4 Differences between fetal circulation and adult circulatory system
|
1.foramen ovale or oval opening
2. ductus arteriosus or arterial duct 3. umbilical arteries and veins 4. the ductus venosus or venous duct |
|
|
What happens in months 5-7?
|
fetus starts kicking, skin is covered with lanugo (hair), and vernix caseosa (cheese-like substance covering skin)
|
|
|
What happens in month 3 and 4?
|
1. nose, ears, eyes are present
2. eyebrows, eyelashes, hair, fingernails growing 3. ossification 4. Internal testes and ovaries are formed 5. can hear heartbeat 6. six inches long, and half a lb |
|
|
Blood of the fetus and mother never....
|
mix
|
|
|
What happens in weeks 6 to 8
|
brain and nervous system are still developing, and perform reflex actions.
The embryo is about one and a half inches long. The placenta begins to produce progesterone and estrogen. The placenta has a fetal side contributed by the chorion and a maternal side consisting of the uterine tissues. |
|
|
In the fifth week, the embryo is the size of..
|
the print on a page
|
|
|
limb buds
|
little flippers formed in the fifth week which develop into arms and legs
|
|
|
In the fifth week, what kind of skeleton is forming?
|
cartilaginous skeleton
|
|
|
In the fifth week, what happens to ectoderm?
|
Ectoderm invaginates to form a mouth, which meets the digestive tube, which is forming various accessory digestive organs
|
|
|
In the fourth week, mesoderm forms a body stalk that connects the embryo with the..
|
chorion
|
|
|
Within the body stalk, is the ____, which will become _____
|
allantois, umbilical blood vessels
|
|
|
When does the heart begin development?
|
in the third week
|
|
|
When does induction occur?
|
In third week
|
|
|
What happend to the yolk sak in the second week?
|
forms below the embryo, has no nutritive function, but it is the first site of blood cell function
|
|
|
During the second week, the inner cell mass splits off from the ________ and organize themselves into two layers; ____ and ____
|
amnion, epiblast and hypoblast
|
|
|
The amniotic fluid acts as an insulator to
|
protect against cold and heat and also absorbs any shock, such as a blow to the mother's abdomen.
|
|
|
When does gastrulation occur and what is it?
|
2nd week; forms three germ layers
|
|
|
In gastrulation, the gastrula is formed. What is it?
|
when the cells on one side of the blastula push in and form an embryo
|
|
|
When does the primitive streak form?
|
2nd week
|
|
|
3 layer of cells during 2nd week are called...
|
ectoderm (outer), endoderm (inner), between both -mesoderm
|
|
|
Three cell layers called germ layers are called such because..
|
because they give rise to all the tissues and organs.
|
|
|
Differentiation of cells occurs when?
|
in third week
|
|
|
In third week, the first system to be visually evident is____
|
nervous system in process called neurulation
|
|
|
notochord
|
mesoderm cells that lie along the main longitudinal axis coalesce to form the dorsal supporting rod
|
|
|
The nervous system develops from
|
ectoderm located just above the notochord.
|
|
|
What represents the beginning of the placenta?
|
Chorionic villi
|
|
|
3 Germ Layers
|
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
|
