Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Endocrine |
- directly into bloodstream -secretes hormones -ductless -long term control |
|
|
exocrine |
- directly to target site -secretes enzymes -has ducts -short term control |
|
|
target areas |
where ever the hormone is trying to reach |
|
|
hormonal effects |
direct and indirect effects |
|
|
hypothalamus |
located in forebrain; controls autonomic nervous system, body temperature,sends hungry and thirsty messages, sleep and emotions |
|
|
Thyroid releasing hormone (TRS) |
stimulates secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone hypothalamus |
|
|
Growth Hormone releasing Hormone (GHRH) |
stimulates secretion of growth hormone hypothalamus |
|
|
Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH) |
stimulates the release of prolactin hypothalamus |
|
|
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) |
stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone hypothalamus |
|
|
Gonadotropic releasing hormone |
stimulates the release of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone hypothalamus |
|
|
Prolactin (PRL) |
Stimulates secretion of milk by the mammary glands pituitary gland |
|
|
Growth Hormone (GH) |
Stimulates tissue and organ growth by promoting cellular growth, mitosis, and cellular differentiation pituitary gland |
|
|
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones pituitary gland |
|
|
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH |
Stimulates activity of thyroid gland to release hormones pituitary gland |
|
|
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
Stimulates ovarian follicle maturity and spermatogenesis pituitary gland |
|
|
Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
Stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum formation pituitary gland |
|
|
Oxytocin (OXY) |
Stimulates uterine contractions (muscular) and mil-let-down by mammary glands pituitary gland |
|
|
Antidiuretic Hormone /Vasopressin (ADH) |
regulates water reabsorption by kidneys and raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles pituitary gland |
|
|
Melatonin |
produced at night may suppress gonadotropin secretion; seems to be linkage with mood and sleep disorder Pineal gland |
|
|
T4 and T3 |
Increases basal metabolic rate and body heat production Thyroid Gland |
|
|
Calcitonin |
retains calcium in the bones, lowers blood calcium level Thyroid Gland |
|
|
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
increases release of calcium from bone, raises blood calcium levels Parathyroid gland |
|
|
Thymosin |
stimulates growth of t-cells (immune system) Thymus gland |
|
|
Glucagon |
stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver to increase blood sugar levels pancreas |
|
|
Insulin |
promotes glucose uptake and synthesis of glycogen to lower blood sugar levels pancreas |
|
|
Somatostatin |
inhibits release of GH, insulin, and glucagon pancreas |
|
|
Pancreatic Polypeptide |
Inhibits Somatostatin, gall bladder secretion, and secretion of digestive enzymes pancreas |
|
|
Glucocorticoids |
promotes fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, stress resistance, and tissue repair, inhibits inflammation, made in the zone fasciculate Adrenal Cortex |
|
|
Mineralocorticoids |
Reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in kidneys; maintains blood pressure and volume; made in zone glomerulosa Adrenal Cortex |
|
|
Gonadocorticoids |
Maintians male sexual characteristics; made in the zone reticularis Adrenal Cortex |
|
|
Epinephrine (adrenaline) |
increases awareness through the sympathetic nervous system Adrenal Medulla |
|
|
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
returns the body to normal function after secretion of epinephrine through the sympathetic nervous system adrenal medulla |
|
|
Estrogen |
enhances female sexual characteristics; also establishes primary sexual characteristics for both males and females ovaries |
|
|
progesterone |
stimulates growth of uterine lining, maintains endometrium when pregnancy occurs (3month term) ovaries |
|
|
Inhibin (ovaries) |
suppresses FSH secretion by anterior pituitary |
|
|
testosterone |
enhances male sexual characteristics testes |
|
|
Inhibin (testes) |
controls FHS secretion to stabilize rate of sperm production |
|
|
GI tract |
tube that runs from the mouth to the anus (9 meters long) |
|
|
primary organs |
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine |
|
|
accessory organs |
teeth, tongue,salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
|
|
layers of the GI tract (in to out) |
1. mucosa 2. submucosa(second thinnest layer) 3. muscularis 4. serosa (superficial) |
|
|
muscularis |
skeletal (voluntary) and smooth (thickest layer) |
|
|
oral cavity |
mouth, accepts food, site of mastication and onset of chemical digestion of starches |
|
|
pharynx |
|
|
|
esophagus |
starts where the laryngopharynx ends, muscular tube that carries food to the stomach |
|
|
Stomach |
J shaped muscular enlargement of the GI tract, site of mechanical digestion and food storage |
|
|
Cardia |
surrounds the region that the esophagus enters |
|
|
Fundus |
rounded superior region left of the cardia, storage area |
|
|
body |
inferior to fundus, large central churning chamber, mechanical |
|
|
rugae |
large folds in the muscular layer |
|
|
Pylorus |
Region that connects the stomach to the small intestine |
|
|
pylorus sphincter |
valve that opens into the small intestine |
|
|
small intestine |
organ where most chemical digestion occurs and primary site of nutrient absorption |
|
|
parts of the small intestine |
duodenum jejunum iliem villi |
|
|
large intestine |
organ where water is reabsorbed, vitamin k is produced, and formation and expulsion of waste materials |
|
|
parts of large intestine |
cecum ascending colon transverse colon descending colon rectum anal canal |
|
|
duodenum |
begins at pyloric sphincter |
|
|
jejunum |
middle segment |
|
|
ileum |
last segment, extends to the cecum of the large intestine e |
|
|
villi |
hair like projections lining the lumen,allow for greater surface area goblet cells - white dots inside villi |
|
|
cecum |
pouch-like structure where ileum attaches |
|
|
ascending colon |
the colon that goes up and down |
|
|
transverse colon |
the colon that moves across the abdomen from right to left |
|
|
rectum |
holds waste material |
|
|
anal canal |
last three inches of rectum |
|
|
anal sphincter |
closes the anus except during elimination of waste |
|
|
bolus |
soft round mass of chewed and swallowed food |
|
|
deglutition |
swallowing |
|
|
chyme |
food mixed with digestive enzymes in the stomach and small intestine |
|
|
visceral peritoneum |
series, membrane that lines organs in abdominal cavity |
|
|
falciform ligament |
connects the two large lobes of the liver |
|
|
greater momentum |
large folds of serosa that hangs down over intestines |
|
|
upper esophageal sphincter |
allows for passage of bolus from laryngopharynx into the esophagus |
|
|
lower esophageal sphincter |
allows for passage of bolus from esophagus to stomach |
|
|
ileoceal sphincter
|
closes off the ileum of the small intestine from the cecum of the large intestine |
|
|
villi |
long finger like projections |
|
|
parts of the liver |
sinusoid central vein lobule hepatocyte hepatic macrophage bile ductule |
|
|
lobule |
the whole inside meat of the liver |
|
|
sinusoid |
the while squiggles |
|
|
central vein |
central giant white spot |
|
|
hepatocyte |
dots outside of the squiggles |
|
|
hepatic macrophages |
black dots inside the squiggles |
|
|
bile ductule |
white other spots |
|
|
pancreatic inslet |
purple dots and goo surrounded by white lightening like lines |
|
|
homostatic regulations |
composition and volume of blood blood pressure ionic composition glucose levels excites waste and foreign materials |
|
|
kidney |
main structure; bean shaped organ located just above the waist behind the peritoneum on the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity |
|
|
Renal Capsule |
most superior/external tissue layer of the kidney |
|
|
renal cortex |
outer, superficial layer, site of urine formation |
|
|
renal medulla |
deeper inner layer site of urine collection and nutrient and water absorptio |
|
|
renal hilus |
located near the center concavity of the kidney, site where ureter leaves and blood vessel returns |
|
|
renal pyramid |
8-12 triangular masses i the medulla |
|
|
renal columns |
spaces between the pyramids |
|
|
minor/major calyx |
small/large cup-like collecting structures |
|
|
renal pelvis |
large cavity into which urine collects from major calyx |
|
|
ureter |
have two, tube that enters the kidney nd drains the urine into the bladder |
|
|
urinary bladder |
hollow, distensible muscular organ stimulated in the pelvic cavity |
|
|
urethra |
tube leading from the bladder to the outside of the body |
|
|
nephron |
located in the kidney 1. renal corpuscle 2. renal tubule |
|
|
Bowman's capsule |
double walled cup |
|
|
glomerulus |
capillary; exchange of gas and nutrients |
|
|
capsular space |
space between the bowman capsule and glomerulus |
|
|
Real Tubule |
medillar extension, absorbs 99% of filtrate |
|
|
proximate convoluted tubule |
coiled tube attached to the renal corpuscle |
|
|
descending limb of henle |
section that dips down into medulla |
|
|
loop of henle |
u-shaped bottom |
|
|
ascending limb of henle |
section that ascends ack up the cortex |
|
|
distal convoluted tubule |
coiled tube attached to ascending limb of henle, opens into collecting duct |
|
|
collecting duct |
common site for multiple nephrons to connect, runs through the renal pyramids |
|
|
afferent arteries |
enter the glomerulus |
|
|
glomerulus |
capillary |
|
|
efferent arterioles |
carry blood out of the glomerulus |
|
|
complete pathway for urine drainage |
1. afferent arteriole 2. glomerulus 3. proximal convoluted tubules 4.descending limb 5. loop of hinle 6. ascending limb 7. distal convoluted tubule 8. collecting duct 9. renal pyramid 10. renal papillae 11. minor calyx 12. major calyx 13. renal pelvis 14. ureter 15. urinary bladder 16. urethra
|
|
|
testes |
main reproductive organ, make sperm, secrete testosterone and inhibit, oval shaped |
|
|
seminiferous tubules |
site where sperm is produced, connects to the duct system in the testes |
|
|
sperm |
male reproductive gamete, 50-150 million per mL of semen |
|
|
semen |
sperm and seminal fluid 2.5-5 mL per ejaculate |
|
|
male infertility |
less than 20 million/ mL |
|
|
rete testis |
a network of ducts that contain mature sperm cells |
|
|
epididymus |
a single duct in each testis through which sperm passes |
|
|
vas deferens |
starts at the end of the epididymus, comes out of the testes, 18 inches long, carries sperm to and connects with the urethra |
|
|
ovaries |
main female reproductive organ, produce mature oocyte (egg), secrete estrogen progesterone, and inhibin, almond shaped |
|
|
uterine/fallopian tubes |
surround the ovary and snatch up oocyte when it's released |
|
|
fimbriae |
finger like projections that help sweep the oocyte into the fallopian tube |
|
|
layers of the uterus |
perimetrium (outer layer) myometrium (middle muscular layer) endometrium |
|
|
endometrium |
inner layer of uterus, highly vascular, site of embryo attachment, shed during menstruation |
|
|
mammary glands |
modified set glands that produce milk |
|
|
ovulation |
occurs around day 14 of menstrual cycle. mature follicle ruptures, secondary oocyte is released and travels down fallopian tube where it becomes an ovum. if fertilized in fallopian tube it implants in the endometrium if not, progesterone levels drop and menstruation begins |
|
|
FSH |
stays low |
|
|
estrogen |
ask around day 12
pe |
|
|
LH |
peaks around day 13-14, highest peak |
|
|
progesterone |
peaks around day 23, has a decently low peak |
|
|
menstruation |
process of shedding the functional endometrium layer if pregnancy does not occur |
|
|
goblet cells |
dots within the villi |
|
|
mucosa |
have goblet cells and villi |
|
|
submucosa |
blood vessel layer |
|
|
muscularis |
three layers visible |
|
|
serosa |
thing outer layer |
