Lab Final

Front 1

a human starts with one cell, the zygote. the zygote results from the fusion of the sperm & egg. an adult human has 50 trillion cells. the process of going from one cell to many cells requires cell divison.

Back 1

mitosis

Front 2

the divison of the nucleus into 2 identical nuclei

Back 2

mitosis

Front 3

prokaryotic cells divide using different process called?

Back 3

binary fission

Front 4

chromosomes are linear structures of DNA. when the chromosomes enter mitosis, they have already been duplicated and you have 2 starnd joined in the middle. the starnds are called_________, and the region they are joined is called the _____

Back 4

sister chromatids

centromeres

Front 5

the cell cycle consiste of 5 parts

Back 5

g1
s
g2
m
c

Front 6

growth phase 1, this is the most of the life of a cell

Back 6

g1

Front 7

this is where the DNA is replicated

Back 7

s

Front 8

this is the second growth stage, the DNA has already replicated

Back 8

g2

Front 9

cytokinesis- cell divides

Back 9

c

Front 10

g1,s,&g2 are called...most of a cells life is spent here

Back 10

interphase

Front 11

mitosis has 4 phases

Back 11

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

Front 12

a. when the DNA starts becomes visiable under the light microscope, prophase has begun
b. nuclear membrane disintegrates
c. nucleolus disappears
d. chromosomes finish condensing
e. mitotic spindle begins to form
f. spindle attaches to kinetochores

Back 12

prophase

Front 13

a. chromosomes are aligned along this plate
b. this phase plate is basically the equator of the cell

Back 13

metaphase

Front 14

a. microtubules start shorten, this action pull the sister chromartids apart
b. the chromosomes start to move towards the poles of the cell bia the shortening of the microtubules

Back 14

anaphase

Front 15

a.chromosomes reach the poles of the cell
b. kinetochores disappear
c. nuclear membrane forms around DNA
d. nucleous reappears
e. DNA stats to unpack
f. cytokinesis begins

Back 15

telophase

Front 16

cytokinesis happens in 2 ways

Back 16

cleavage furrows

cell plate

Front 17

in animals the cell starts to pinch in half(cytokinesis)

Back 17

cleavage furrows

Front 18

plant cells cannot pinch in half because of the cell wall, instead a plate forms bw the new daughter cells(cytokinesis)

Back 18

cell plate

Front 19

tissues are collections of cells, but they also have an extracellular component. the non-cellular component of a tissue is called? and ex would be cartilage, you have cells and a ____ that surrounds the cells

Back 19

matrix

Front 20

veterbrates tissues fall into 4 catefories

Back 20

epithelial(skin)
connective tissue(bone,blood,cartilage)
muscle tissue
nervous tissue

Front 21

these tissues from sheets covering the outer surfaces or lining inner surfaces of organs. some ____cells make up gland used for secretion

Back 21

epithelial tissue (skin)

Front 22

these tissues bind nody parts together, form protective barriers, protect aginst infection, support the body, and store certain chem icals

Back 22

connective tissues(bone, blood, cartilage, and others)

Front 23

these tissues are responsible for producing movement. some can be controlled voluntarily and someare control involuntary

Back 23

muscle tissue

Front 24

these tissues send, conduct, and recieve electrical impulses. this allows diff parts of the body to communicate involuntary

Back 24

nervous tissue

Front 25

studying animal tissues

Back 25

cell shape
cell location
cell arrangement
matrix

Front 26

cell shape

Back 26

square, round, flat, tall, elongate

Front 27

cell location

Back 27

are cells next to an open surface or completely surrounded by cells

Front 28

cell arrangement

Back 28

cells in one layer, multiple layers? aligned in one direction? randomly arranged?

Front 29

matrix

Back 29

does the matrix have fibers or is it amorphous?
do the fibers line up or are they randomly?

Front 30

hese cells make up our up puter coverings and inner linings. these cells will be exposed to a free surfac; there should be a clear area on the slide

Back 30

the epithelial tisues

Front 31

basic shapes

Back 31

squamos
cuboidal
colimnar
transitional

Front 32

flattened cells

Back 32

squamos

Front 33

cuboidal

Back 33

same height and width, not always cube shaped

Front 34

tranitional

Back 34

there are epithelia hat can stretch, depend on how stretched they are these tissues can appear flat or cuboidal. urinary bladder epithelium is an example.

Front 35

this is the tissue that the epithelial cells rest on

Back 35

basement membrane

Front 36

epithelial cell arrangements

Back 36

simple
stratified
pseudostratified

Front 37

a single layer of epithelial cells, all cells touch the basement membrane

Back 37

simple

Front 38

more then one layer of cells, only the lowest layer touches the baement membrane

Back 38

stratified

Front 39

these cells resemble stratified, but the cell are of diff heights and all the cell touch the bsement membrane, this is still a simple epithelium

Back 39

pseudostratified

Front 40

these cells form a single flat layer of cells. forms outer coating of many internal organs

Back 40

simple squamous epithelium

Front 41

at a high power you can se a single layer of flattened epithelial cells on a slide labled?

Back 41

visceral peritoneum

Front 42

these cells form a single layer of cells that are as tall as they are wide, (not always perfectly square)

Back 42

simple cuboidal epithelium
(slide marked kidney or simple cubodial epithelium)

Front 43

these cells for a single layer, the cells are much taller than wide like columns

Back 43

simple columnar epithelium

Front 44

in the lumen of the small intstine, there are fingerlike projections called____
each____is covered with a simple columnar epithelium

Back 44

villi
villus

(slide marked goblet cell epithelium or small intestine)

Front 45

looks like stratified, but all cells touch the basement membrane. cells have cilia on exposed side

Back 45

pseudostratified columnar epithelium
(slide marked trachea& ciliated columnar epithelium)

Front 46

multiple layers of flattened cells, owest cells are more cubodial but uppermost layers are def flattened. skin cells and cheek cells are ex of this.

Back 46

stratified squamos epithelium
(look at slide labled stratified squamos epithelium)

Front 47

slide labeled urinary bladder or ureter. try and decide if the cells are relaxed or extended

Back 47

transitional epithelium

Front 48

there are 3 major muscle tissue in the body

Back 48

skeletal
smmoth
cardiac

Front 49

a. attached to the skeleton
b. has reg cross situations
c. under voluntary control
d. fibers are of equal diameter, and not branced
e. generally lined up in one direction

Back 49

skeletal muscle
(pg 90 fig a&c)

Front 50

a. this surroundsorgans, also called visceral muscle
b. involuntary control
c. long spindle shaped fibers
d. no striations

Back 50

smooth muscle
(pg91 fig a&b)

Front 51

a. muscle tisue found in the heart only
b. branched striated muscles
c. fibers vary in diameter
d. intercalated disks bw fibers

Back 51

cardiac muscle
pg 91 fig c)

Front 52

nervous tissues is made of nerve cells called

Back 52

neurons

Front 53

most neurons have several projections coming out of them called

Back 53

dendrite(recieve info)

Front 54

neurons also have one very long projection called an

Back 54

axon
(send info)
(look at spinal cord or motor neuron)

Front 55

connective tissue can be very diverse tissue is composed of both cells and matrix. mrix can be fibrous or non-fibrous. when the matrix is non-fibrous it is called ????

Back 55

ground substance

Front 56

ground substance can be ??

Back 56

hard(bone)
soft(areolar tissue)
rubbery(cartilage)
even liquid(blood)

Front 57

2 tyoes of fibers are common in connective tissues

Back 57

collagen
elastin

Front 58

this protein has a high tensile strength, low elasticity, light colored

Back 58

collagen

Front 59

this protein has a low tensile strnght, but is very elastic, dark staining

Back 59

elastin

Front 60

this is also called loose connective tissue
this is found throughout the body, it fills spaces bw organs
the cells in this tissue rest in a soft ground substance

Back 60

areolar connective tisue

Front 61

cells in the areolar tisue are mostly

Back 61

fibroblasts

Front 62

this tissue has little or no matrix, almost all cells
this is fat tissue; the cells are called_____
the cells contain fatty acids that are used to store energy

Back 62

adipose connective tissue
adipocytes

Front 63

this tissue makes up tendons and ligaments
these tissues are mostly bundles of collagen fibers aligned in one direction
the few cells are______

Back 63

fibrous connective tissue


fibroblasts

Front 64

this is a firm but flexible tissue foun in ears, noses, trachea.
it also serves as cushioning pads bw the bones
the cells are called?
they are found in spaces in the matrix called?

Back 64

cartilage

chondrocytes

lacunae