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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the fundamental and reliable difference between monocot plants and dicot plants?
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Number of cotyledons
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How many cotyledons do monocots have?
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One
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How many cotyledons do dicots have?
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Two
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What is the cotyledon in the monocot called and what is its function?
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It is called the scutellum and its function is absorption for the endosperm
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Grass Family
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Poaceae
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Pea Family
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Fabaceae
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Four characteristics of the monocot
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One cotyledon
Parallel leaf venation Flower parts tend to be in units of three No vascular cambium |
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Four characteristics of the dicot
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Two cotyledons
Net or branched leaf venation Flower parts tend to be in units of five sometimes four Vascular cambium present |
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What is a vascular cambium?
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A specialized layer which help the dicot seeds increase in girth
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Define cereal grain
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Any member of the grass family that is grown for the harvested product of its mature seed
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What are the three parts of an embryo in monocots and dicots?
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Plumule, radicle, and scutellum(cotyledon) in the monocots and in the dicots plumule radicle, and two cotyledons
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What is the plumule and what is it made up of?
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An embryonic shoot, it is made up of two pre-formed leaves and a soot apical meristem (SAM)
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What protects the plumule?
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Coleoptile (sheath like structure), the coleoptile pushed through the soil first in order to protect the plumule from any damage
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Briefly explain the coleoptile
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Protective sheath which pushed through the soil to protect the plumule, the coleoptile is highly sensitive to light and is phototropic
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What is the radicle?
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The primary root protected by the coleorhiza (similar to coleoptile)
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What is the seminal root system made up of and where is it located?
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Formed from the radical and lateral seminal roots and it erupts from a node located in the scutellum
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What forms the secondary adventitious root system?
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Coleoptilar node found at the base of the coleoptile
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Together the plumule (embryonic shoot) and radicle (embryonic roots) form what is called the embryonic axis
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Monocot
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What is the embryonic axis in monocots?
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A central column the is embedded within the single cotyledon of the grass seed
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Structure that serves as a food storage role
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Scutellum/cotyledon
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What is the endosperm?
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A food storage tissue outside the embryo but within the seed
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Highly charged with starch granules in order to supply the germinating seedling with necessary carbohydrate energy to get to the soil
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Endosperm
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What is formed from the ripened ovary wall of any flower?
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A fruit
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What is a botanical fruit?
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An individual cereal grain
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What is the pericarp?
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It is the dried ovary wall that encloses a seed
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What is a testa?
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The protective covering over a seed/seed coat
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What is the caryopsis?
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It is the fusion of the pericarp and the testa, it is defined as a dry single seeded fruit with the pericarp fused to the testa, also it is the outermost layer
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A fruit found only in the grass family?
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Caryopsis
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What is the aleurone layer?
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Layer that consists of high protein cells surrounding the starch storage cells of the endosperm, it is located just below the testa
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What is the function of the aleurone layer?
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To secrete hydrolytic enzymes for digesting food reserves in the endosperm
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What is the bran?
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Aleurone layer, pericarp, and the testa and it is usually removed during milling
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What is the germ?
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Plumule, radicle, and cotyledon so it is essentially the embryo
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What is the embryonic axis in dicots?
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When the plumule and radicle are imbedded neatly between the two cotyledons
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Do dicots have a distinct endosperm?
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No because early in the seeds development the endosperm tissue is absorbed into the cotyledons, meaning the cotyledons are entirely responsible for food storage
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What stores the food in dicots?
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Cotyledons stores the food because there is no endosperm
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What protects the radicle and the plumule?
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Nothing there is no coleoptile in the dicots
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What surrounds the embryo?
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The testa, there is usually a scare left where the seed was attached inside the fruit
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What is the scar on the testa called?
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Hilum it is the equivalent to the human naval
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What is a micropyle?
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It is a very small hole that may or may not be visible this hole allows moisture in at the beginning of germination
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What is germination?
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The process involving some measure of seedling development
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What is the first organ to emerge?
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The radicle followed by the coleoptile which contains the plumule
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What pushes the coleoptile to the surface?
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The underground mesocotyl
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What forms the coleoptilar node?
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Secondary adventitious roots, these form a large component of the root system
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What is the coleoptilar node?
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The node found at the base of the coleoptile
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What are the two forms of seed germination is oilseeds and pulses?
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Hypogeal germination and epigeal germination
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What is hypogeal germination?
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Hypogeal germination is when the cotyledons stay below the soil surface
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What is epigeal germination?
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Epigeal germination is when the cotyledons rise above the soil surface
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What is hypogeal germination a characteristic of?
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All monocot are hypogeal
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What is the epicotyl?
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The epicotyl is the section of stem found directly above the cotyledons
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How does the epicotyl emerge?
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The epicotyl emerges from between the cotyledons in a bent over shape in order to protect the plumule, once above ground it straightens out towards the sunlight
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What is the hypocotyl?
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The stem section located directly below the cotyledons
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What pulls the cotyledons out of the ground during epigeal germination?
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The hypocotyl
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What increases plant length?
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The apical meristem
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What develops the root components?
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Primary meristematic tissues
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Where does the plant grow from?
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The shoot apical meristem
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What are the three basic functions of the root system?
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Absorption
Anchorage Storage |
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Explain absorption
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Absorb and conduct the water and soil nutrients require for growth
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Explain anchorage
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Serves as an anchor for the above ground components of the plant
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Explain storage
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Stores food and nutrients
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What are root hairs?
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Root hairs are small epidermal extensions on the root surface that increase absorption area
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What roots do monocots have?
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Fibrous
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What roots do dicots have?
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Taproot
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Where do monocots primary root emerge from?
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Directly from the radicle
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Explain taproot
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A taproot is on major root that is directly driven into the ground, with very little secondary roots emerging
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What are secondary roots?
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They are the little roots growing form the major taproot
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What are three things the stem is used for?
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Support
Transport Storage |
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What is a node?
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The point of attachment of a leaf or branch to a stem
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What is an internode?
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It is the part of the stem between successive nodes
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What is an axillary bud?
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Axillary bud is the bud found on the leaf axil, leaf axil is the angel form by the leaf and the stem
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What are the stems of monocots called?
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They are called a culm
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What is a culm?
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A culm is a monocot stem that is hollow except for at solid nodes or joints
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What forms after four or five leaves have formed?
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The plant starts to grow tillers
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What are tillers?
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Tillers are a side shoot that is formed when the axillary bud breaks dormancy and begins to grow, we do not count tillers while doing a leave count
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Do tillers produce grain?
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Yes they do
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Do monocot and dicot plants have a predetermined number of leaves or stem nodes?
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Monocots do and dicots do not
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What growth habits do monocots have?
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All monocots grow erect
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What growth habits do dicots have?
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Dicots can have erect, twining, or prostrate growth habits
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Explain erect growth habits
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The stems will grow completely upright and are able to hold the plants weight
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Explain twining growth habits
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Stems are too weak to supports their own weight so they have the ability to sense objects they touch a quickly wrap around them
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Explain prostrate growth habits
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The stems are too weak to supports their own weight so they will grow flat along the ground
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What are the main functions of leaves?
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Perform photosynthesis and draw water and nutrients from the roots (transpiration)
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What are monocot leaves made up of?
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A blade and a sheath
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Monocot leaf veins are always what?
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They are always parallel and the do not branch
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What is the junction between the sheath and the blade called?
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This is called the collar
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How do you identify plants in a field?
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You look for their ligule and auricles
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What is a ligule?
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A ligule is a tongue like flap just inside the collar and it points towards the leaf tip
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What is a auricle?
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A auricle is a ear like projection at the sides of the collar
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What are dicot leaves made up of?
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Blade and petiole, the petiole may or may not be present
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What is the petiole?
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The petiole is the stalk of a leaf and attaches the blade to the stem
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What is sessile and petiolate?
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Sessile is common in monocots and is when the blade is directly attached to the stem, petiolate is when there is a petiole present attaching the blade to the stem
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What are two types of reticulate leaf venation in dicots?
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Pinnate and Palmate
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What is pinnate leaf venation?
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Pinnate leaf venation is when each leaf has a main central vein know as the rachis with smaller veins sprouting from it
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What is palmate leaf venation?
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Palmate leaf venation is when several main veins emerge from one central point the way you fingers emerge form you palm
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What are the two basic forms of dicot leaves?
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Simple leaf and a compound leaf
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What is a simple leaf?
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A simple leaf has a undivided blade
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What is a compound leaf?
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A compound leaf has a subdivided blade contain several leaflets
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How can you tell if it is a true leaf or a leaflet?
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A true leaf always has and axillary bud whereas leaflets will never have axillary buds
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How do you determine leaf type?
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Whether or not the leaf is divided
Type of venation The leaflet orientation |
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Single blade with pinnate venation
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Simple Pinnate Leaf
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Pinnat leaflet orientation on the rachis
Leaflets may be sessile or may be petiolate Single axillary bud for the entire leaf |
Compound Pinnate Leaf
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Several major veins from one central point
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Simple Palmate Leaf
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Leaflets radiate from central point
Leaflets may be sessile or petiolate Single axillary bud for entire leaf |
Compound Palmate Leaf
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Always exactly three leaflets
Single axillary bud for entire leaf |
Trifoliolate
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What are 5 general outlines of the dicot leaves?
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Cordate - Heart shaped
Deltoid - Rounded triangle Linear - Parallel sides Lanceolate - Much longer than wide Ovate - Egg shaped |
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What a leafs margin?
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The leafs margin is the pattern of the edge of the leaf blade
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What are 4 margins of dicot leaves?
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Entire/Smooth - not toothed, notched or divided
Lobed - Swooped less then halfway to the rachis Serrate - Saw like margin, notches the same size Double Serrate - The notches are different sizes |
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What is phyllotaxy?
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The arrangement of the leaves on a stem
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What are 3 different arrangements of leaves in the dicot plants?
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Alternate
Opposite Whorled |
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Explain alternate leaf arrangement
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There is one leave per node
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Explain opposite leaf arrangement
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The leaves are directly opposite of each other on the stem, there is two leaves per node
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Explain whorled leaf arrangement
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A circular leaf arrangement involving three or more leaves at a node
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What are stipules?
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Appendages, paired structures, inserted at the base of the petiole
they are used to protect the emerging leaves, support photosynthesis and defend the plant |
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What are tendrils?
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A modified leaf or leaflet which is used to wrap around objects in order to support the plant
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What are flowering structures called?
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They are called inflorescence
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What are inflorescence made up of?
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They are made up of sections of the stem and the flowering units
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What is determinant growth?
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This is when the vegetative growth stops once flowering begins
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What is indeterminate growth?
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That is when the vegetative growth continues once flowering begins
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How long do in determinant plants live?
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They will live until they are killed by an external factor
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How do flowers reproduce?
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Sexual reproduction
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What is the female reproductive organ?
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The pistil
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What does the pistil consist of?
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Stigma, style, and ovary
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What is the male reproductive organ?
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The Stamen
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What does the stamen consist of?
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Anther and filament
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What is dehiscence?
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Pericarp splits open at maturity, the opening of a plant structure that facilitates dispersal of its contents
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What is shed by dehiscence?
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The pollen
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What is it called when an anther sheds its contents?
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Anthesis
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What is pollination?
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The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma
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When does fertilization occur?
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Fertilization occurs when sperm cells from the pollen grain reach the egg cell inside the ovule and fuse with it
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What is the fertilized ovule called?
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An embryo
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What does the embryo form into?
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A seed
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Complete flowers
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Contain all four types of floral organs sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil
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Incomplete flowers
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If it is missing any floral organ it is incomplete
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What is a perfect flower?
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It contains the stamen and the pistil
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What is a imperfect flower?
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It is missing either the stamen or the pistil
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What is a monoecious plant?
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It contains the staminate and pistillate flowers
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Is staminate flower perfect or imperfect?
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It is imperfect because it does not contain the pistil
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Is pistillate flower perfect or imperfect?
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It is imperfect because it does not contain the stamen
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What is a dioecious plant?
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Dioecious are when the stamen and pistil are on two different plants
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What is a spikelet?
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It is two flumes enclosing one or more florets
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What are glumes?
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They are bracts that enclose the spikelet
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What is a rachilla?
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The main access for a spikelet bearing the floret
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What are the two bracts that enclose the actual sexual parts of the flower?
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Lemma, palea
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What occupies the most space in the lemma and palea?
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The female ovaries
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What emerges from between the lemma and palea?
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The male stamen, typically three
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What is a peduncle?
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The top most internode
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What are the two most common inflorescence types in monocots?
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Spike and panicle
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What is a flower?
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The unit of inflorescence
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Elongated inflorescence with sessile spikelet attachment is what type of inflorescence?
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A spike inflorescence
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Branches emerge from the central rachis and spikelets are petiolate is what type of inflorescence?
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A panicle inflorescence
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What are sepals?
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Four distinct sets of floral organs, also known as calyx, they are used to cover and protect the flower bud
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What are corollas?
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Another word for petals
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Explain the stamen
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Male reproductive organ, also known as androecium, consists of a filament and anther, anther contains the pollen
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Explain the pistil
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Female reproductive organ, also known a gynoecium, consists of stigma, ovary and style, stigma receives the pollen, the seed forms in the ovaries
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What is the receptacle?
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The expanded region to which the inflorescence are attached
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What are some different inflorescence types in dicots?
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Raceme, corymb and capitulum
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What is a raceme?
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Type of inflorescence in the dicots, flowers along the rachis with petiolate attachment, open and mature from the bottom upward
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What is a capitulum?
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Type of inflorescence in the dicots, many small flowers attached to a common receptacle, one large flower composed of thousands of small ones, asteraceae
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How do dicots pollinate?
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Self pollination or cross pollination
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What are three dicot fruit structures?
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Legume, silique, and achene
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Explain legume
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Single carpels, dehisces along two structures, Fabaceae, pulse crops
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Explain silique
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Two carpels, dehisces along two structure, divided lengthwise by false septum, Brassicaceae
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Explain achene
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One seeded-fruit, pericarp is easily separated forms testa, Asteraceae
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What is corymb?
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Flat topped of round topped pedicels vary in length and size
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What is indehiscent?
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Pericarp does not split open at maturity, seed remains enclosed in pericarp
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