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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social Cognition
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Concepts of schemas, categorization, implicit attitude. How people think about themselves and the social world
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Cultural Psychology
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Culture and mind are inseparable. No universal laws for how the mind works. Humans are fundamentally conditioned by the sociocultural context in which it occurs
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Perception influnced by culture because
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If one perceives oneslef as embedded in a larger context, other objects will be perceived in a similar way.
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American culture
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More focused on personality, attitudes, and psychological problems, more individual based
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Chinese culture
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More focused on societal pressure problems, relationships,more collectivist
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Schemas
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Help us interpret and understand ambigous information quickly. Can lead to stereotyping and biases
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Categoriation
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Sometimes takes effort, other times it takes longer. It is automatic and helps us categorize the world.
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Implicit attitudes
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A measure of an implicit attitude that a participant may not even be aware of.
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Ways to measure implicit attitudes
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Priming-Investigates what is activated when an attitude object is presented.
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IAT
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Implict associations test. Says that the processing of related words should be faster for paired items than items that are cognitively congruent. More based on controllability, not automatic like priming
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Social influence
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Social influence is demonstated when the actions or thoughts of individuals are changed by other individuals. Focused on the effect on peoples behavior
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6 Principles of persuasion
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Friendship/liking, commitment/s "consistency, scarcity, repricocity, social validation, authority
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Scarcity
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We value or try to secure outcomes or objects that are scarce or decreasing in their availability
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Reciprocity
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We are more willing to provide a favor to someone who has previously provided a favor or concession.
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Liking based persuasion technique
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Self-enhancement-try to appear more attractive. Other enhancement-compliment them
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Foot-in-door
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Ask for a trivial outcome and then the desired favor
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Lowballing
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Get the target to agree to a small request and then revise the request to the desired favor
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Door-in-face
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Ask for much more than you want, get rejected, then ask for the smaller desired favor
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Thats not all
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Begin by asking and offering a fraction of the compensation, then revise the compensation to the appropriate level
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Foot in mouth
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Establish a relationship so the participant feels obligated to comply
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Scarcity based
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Complying with this request os a rare honor or the gift after complying is rare.
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Script/Norm based
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Mindlessness-offer a vacuous justification Pique technique-grab attention and focus them on request Suggestiong norms-everyone else complies...
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Field research includes....
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Naturalistic observation, archival research, surveys, case studies, field experiments
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Field research cons
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Less contrived, less controlled, and ethical sonsiderations because often without consent
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Psychopsychology
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The physiological basis of psychological processes. Psychology manifest physically
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Perception and Attention
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Measured by brain waves, eye tracking
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Stress and arousal
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Measured heart rate, respiration, pupil dilation, muscle tensing
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Polygraph
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Based on the idea that theere is a relationship between sympathetic activity and genral emotions arousal.
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GSR
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Galvanic skin response. Measures the elctrical resistance of the skin
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Problems of GSR
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Fear, anger, strtling, and sexual feelings also produce simnilar GSR responses
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Problems of polygraph
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Changes in polygraph could mean fear, stress not necesarrily guilt or innocence. Also can be wrong due to drugs, psychopaths and brain injury. Also easy to fool.
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Judgment shorcuts
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Sampling less information, memory based inference, anchoring, satsficing, elimination by aspect(eliminate depending on order in which cues are sampled)
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Judgment error
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Due to noise, inconsistency, or lack of knowledge
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Noise
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Results from the fact that preductor values can not always be perfcet even when cues are weighted well
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Inconsistency
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Human prediction will not always apply uniform weights to predictor variables
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Bootstrapping
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Eliminating human inconsistency by taking the average weight a person gives to a cue and applying that weight to future predictions
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Lack of knowledge
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Aperson may not know the appropriate way to weight a given predictor to judge an outcome
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Sensory memory
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Ability to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimulus has ceased
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Long term memory
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Big storage of information. It can last a few days or even decades
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Working memory
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the stuctures and processes used for temporarily storing and manipulationg information-mental workbench
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Visuospatial sketchpad(Visual cortex)
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Mental drawing pad. Storage and manipulation of spatial and visual information. Limited capacity. Spatial tasks, geograhical information
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Phonological loop(auditory cortex, Borca's and Wernicke's areas
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inner ear, inner voice. Aquisition and rehearsal of speech based information. Used when remembering lists of words
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Central executive(prefrontal cortex)
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Resembles attention. Deals wit cognitively demanding tasks. Coordination of slave systems
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How do we know those are the three memory components?
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Phonological similarity effect-words that sound similar are harder to remember than different ones. Word length effect-shorter words easier to remember. Visual mapping and articulatory suppression
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Visual mapping
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The time is takes to draw a line form one place to a another is related to the actual distance from the places.
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The effect of articulatory supresssion
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Memory for verbal meaning is impaired by saying something irrelevant out loud. Blocks the artuculatory process.
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Stroop Effect
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Distinguishes between two types of cognitive processes. Top down and bottom up interfere with each other
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Top down processing
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Slower and controlled, reasoned, effortful, capacity limited. Takes top down to overcome predisposition. Guided by past memories
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Bottom up processing
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Automatic, intutive, effortless, fast, not capacity limited.Guided by features of the stimulus
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Color-word stimulus processing
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Top down and bottom up interfere with each other causing slower cognition. Example of this is color words in different colored ink
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Spatial stroop
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Top down and bottom up interefere. Like the word "right" on the left side of a box
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Auditory stroop
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The word left comes into the right ear and they ask you what ear you heard it in
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Visuospatial distractors
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Solving a maze, mental rotation tasks
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Phonological distractors
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Counting backwards from 100 by 3s
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Phonological task
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Memorizing 10 numbers or words
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Visuospatial task
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Reproducing 10 drawings of shapes or lines
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