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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many bones in apendicular skeleton |
126 |
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How many bones in Pectoral girdle? |
4 (Clavicle, Scapula, Humerus) |
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How many bones in upper limbs? |
60 (Radius, Ulna, Carpal Metacarpal, Phalanges) |
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How many Carpal bones? |
16 |
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How many Metacarpal bones? |
10 |
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How many Phalanges bones? |
28 |
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How many bones in Pelvic girdle |
2 (hip bone) |
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How many bones in Lower limbs? |
60 (Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsal bones, Metatarsal bones, Phalanges) |
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How many tarsal bones? |
14 |
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How many Metatarsal bones? |
10 |
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How many Phalanges? |
28 |
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Depressions or Openings (Bone Markings) (2) |
Foramen, Fossa |
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Processes (Bone Markings) 8 muscle attachment or articulation |
Crest, Condyle, Epicondyle, Head, Line, Trochanter, Tubercle, Tuberosity |
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Muscles shorten (contraction) |
Concentric |
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Muscles lengthen (contraction) |
eccentric |
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muslcle length doesn't change |
isometric |
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Opposing muscles (2) |
Agonist (contracts to cause an action) Antagonist (oppoes the aciton)
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Muscles that perform the same action |
Synergist |
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Central Nervous System vs Peripheral Nervous System |
CNS: brain, spinal cord PNS: all nervous tissue outside CNS |
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Sensory input division |
Afferent division |
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Motor output division |
Efferent division |
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Somatic Nervous System |
- voluntary - Effector = skeletal muscle |
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Autonomic Nervous System |
- Involuntary Effection: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
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2 divisions of Autonomic nervous system |
1. Sympathetic 2. Parasympathetic |
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4 Main Regions of the Brain |
1. Cerebrum 2. Diencephalon 3. Brainstem 4. Cerebellum |
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Cerebrum (2) |
cerebral cortex (gray mater) white matter |
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Diencephalon (3) |
- thalamus - hypothalamus - epithalamus |
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Brainstem (3) |
Midbrain Pons Medulla Oblongata |
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3 Meninges Layers |
Dura Mater (sheep brain has this on it) Arachnoid Mater Pia Mater |
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Gyri |
elevated ridges |
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Sulci |
fissures, troughs - longitudinal fissue separates right and left hemispheres
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Lobes (5) |
Frontal Temporal Parietal Occipital Insula |
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Order of brainstem (superior to inferior) |
midbrain, pons, medulla |
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Melatonin is produced in |
Pineal Body |
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Inbetween Corpus Collosum and Thalamus |
Fornix |
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Superior to corpus collosum |
Cingulate gyrus |
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Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid |
-bathes the brain -flows around the brain, through the ventricles and the central canal of spinal cord -acts as a watery cushion to protect brain tissue - provides oxygen and nutrients to the brain |
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How many pairs of spinal nerves? |
31 |
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Collection of spinal nerves at inferior end of spinal cord, inside of vertebral canal |
Cauda equina |
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Braided network of spinal nerves that go to the neck and limbs |
Spinal Plexuses Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral |
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Gray matter (myelination?) |
unmyelinated |
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White matter (myelination?) |
myelinated |
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Part of spinal cord that contains CSF and connected to the ventricles of the brain |
Central Canal |
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Nerve connective tissue coverings: |
Epineurium Perineurium - surrounds fasicles Endoneurium |
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Pelvis (True/False... inner/outter) |
Looking down: False, Inner Looking up: True, Outter |
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Reflex Arc (4 steps) |
1. Sensory receptor 2. Sensory neuron 3. Integration centre 4. Motor neuron 5. Effector |
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Stretch Reflex: Eg. knee jerk biceps jerk triceps jerk ankle jerk
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Patella reflex Biceps reflex Triceps reflex Achilles reflex - stimulus is a quick stretch to a muscle - initiated and completed at level of spinal cord - Monosynaptic so very rapid - effector is skeletal muscle |
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Superficial reflexes
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- stimulus to superficial skin - reflex response depends on a spinal cord reflex PLUS brain function e.g. Plantar reflex |
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Abnormal response in adults to plantar relfex means.... and is... |
"Babinski Sign" = great toe extension and splaying of other toes |
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Smell Diagrams |
Smell Diagrams |
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Gustation = |
taste |
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papillae |
small epithelial projections that cover superior tongue surface three types taste buds are located in the papillae |
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Taste buds |
most on tongue some on soft palate, pharynx, epiglottis hold gustatory cells |
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Three types of papillae |
Circumvallate papillae Fungiform Papillae Filliform papillae |
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One Taste bed - 3 cells |
Gustatory cells, Basal cells, Transitional cells |
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The Eye - Accessory Structures (Superior/Lateral to Inferior Lateral - clock wise) |
Eyebrows, Eyelashes, Eyelids, Lacrimal caruncle, Medial canthus, Palpebral fissue, lateral canthus |
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Conjunctiva |
protective mucous membrane that lines the eyelid undersurface and covers the anterior eye |
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What produces tears? |
Lacrimal gland |
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Explain process of tears |
Lacrimal gland produces->Lacrimal ducts transport tears to eye surface->lacrimal puncta drains tears from eye->lacrimal sac->nasal lacrimal duct drains tears from lacrimal sac |
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Tunics of Eye (3) |
Fibrous, Vascular (Uvea) & Neural (Retina) |
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Fibrous Tunic (outer layer) contains (2) |
Cornea - anterior, transparent, light enters here Sclera - white |
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Vascular tunic (middle layer) (3) |
Iris - anterior, pigmented portion Ciliary body - posterior to iris, Ciliary muscle attaches to lens Choroid - posterior, contains blood vessels |
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Tapetum lucidum |
iridescent membrane |
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Neural tunic (Retina) (2) |
Pigmented layer Sensory layer - Photoreceptors (rods and cones) - Optic disc (blind spot) Fovea centralis (highest density of cones) |
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Eye Models |
Eye Model |
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Anterior chamber contains ___ humor while the posterior chamber contains ___ humor. |
aqueous, vitreous |
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What would a optomotrist use to inspect for macular degeneration of macula lutea? |
Opthalmoscope |
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Distant vision, ciliary muscles are ____, lens is _____. Close vision, ciliary muscles are ____, lens is ____. |
relaxed, flattened contracted, rounded |
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Presbyopia |
Lens becomes less flexible with age - loss of close vision (measure near-point for each eye) |
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normal distance vision |
emmetropia |
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nearsighted vision |
myopia |
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farsighted |
hyperopia |
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Irregular shape of lens and/or cornea |
Astigmatism |
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Test of response of pupil diameter to light (name and what does it test?) |
Pupillary light reflex test - tests CN II and CN III - ipilateral response, contralateral response, bilateral response is normal |
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Kind of colour blindness most common |
Red-green |
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Ear (lateral to medial) |
Auricle (helix, lobule)->External acoustic meatus->Tympanic membrane->Malleus (hammer)->Incus (anvil)->Stapes (stirrup)->Eustachian tube->Oval Window->Cochlea->hair cells |
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Utricle, Saccule |
static equilibrium |
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Semicircular canals |
dynamic equilibrium |
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Three ducts of Cochlea |
Tympanic duct, Cochlear Duct, Vestibular duct |
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Hearing test for sensorineural and conduction deafness |
Weber Test (doyou equally hear sound at both ears?) |
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Hearing test to se if hearing loss is due to air conduction deafness |
Rinne Test (place fork on mastoid process) - listening until longer hear sound - place by ear -> can hear no problem, can't hear = air conduction deafness |
