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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is nissl substance?
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Darkly staining RER
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Where can you see nissl substance?
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everywhere except axon and axon hillock
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What does the euchromatic nucleus and prominent nucleolus of a neuron indicate?
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That its transcriptionally active and actively synthesizing protein.
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Where are astrocytes?
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In the space between neurons in the CNS.
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Where are oligodendrocytes?
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CNS
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Where are Schwann cells?
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PNS
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Where are Microglia?
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CNS
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Where are ependymal cells?
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CNS
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2 Types of Astrocytes:
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-Fibrous
-Protoplasmic |
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Fibrous Astrocytes
-Where -Processes |
-White matter
-Few long straight processes |
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Protoplasmic Astrocytes
-Where -Processes |
-Gray matter
-Many short branched processes |
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Function of oligodendrocytes
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Myelinate axons in CNS
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Function of Schwann cells
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Myelinate axons in PNS
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Function of microglia
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Phagocytose debris in CNS
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Function of Ependymal cells
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Epithelial lining of ventricles, spinal central canal
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What is nissl substance?
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Darkly staining RER
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Where can you see nissl substance?
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everywhere except axon and axon hillock
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What does the euchromatic nucleus and prominent nucleolus of a neuron indicate?
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That its transcriptionally active and actively synthesizing protein.
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Where are astrocytes?
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In the space between neurons in the CNS.
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Where are oligodendrocytes?
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CNS
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Where are Schwann cells?
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PNS
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Where are Microglia?
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CNS
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Where are ependymal cells?
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CNS
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2 Types of Astrocytes:
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-Fibrous
-Protoplasmic |
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Fibrous Astrocytes
-Where -Processes |
-White matter
-Few long straight processes |
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Protoplasmic Astrocytes
-Where -Processes |
-Gray matter
-Many short branched processes |
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Function of oligodendrocytes
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Myelinate axons in CNS
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Function of Schwann cells
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Myelinate axons in PNS
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Function of microglia
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Phagocytose debris in CNS
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Function of Ependymal cells
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Epithelial lining of ventricles, spinal central canal
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Difference between Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells in terms of how many axons they can myelinate:
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oligos: 1 can myelinate many axons
Schwanns: 1 can only myelinate one axon |
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What are unmyelinated axons?
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Axons that are embedded in the cytoplasm of a schwann cell, but it doesn't wrap around them.
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What does a Nerve Fiber consist of?
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-Nerve fibers
-Connective tissue -Blood vessels |
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What is Osmic acid?
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A heavy metal that selectively stains lipids
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Epineurium:
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CT that surrounds an entire nerve and fills the spaces between fascicles.
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Perineurium:
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CT that surrounds a fascicle
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Endoneurium:
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CT that fills the spaces between individual nerve axons within a fascicle.
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What color is a schwann cell sheath in a PNS nerve? Why?
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Black - because it is rich in lipid content.
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What is a Ganglia?
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Cluster of nerve cell bodies in the PNS
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What is a Nucleus?
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Cluster of nerve cell bodies in the CNS
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What type of neuron cell bodies are in the DRG?
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Pseudounipolar
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How does the type of neuron cell bodies in the DRG affect the appearance of the ganglion?
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There are no synapses at cell bodies, so they are tightly packed.
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Where is the dorsal root ganglion?
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Just outside of the spinal cord.
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To what cells do the nuclei found scattered among neurons in the DRG belong?
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Satellite cells
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What is the function of satellite cells?
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They provide structural and metabolic support to the DRG neurons.
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Where are Sympathetic Ganglions found?
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In the paravertebral chain, or in prevertebral ganglia.
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What type of neurons are within Sympathetic ganglia?
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Multipolar
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How do Sympathetic ganglia compare to the DRG?
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-Smaller cell bodies
-Loosely packed -Fewer satellite cells |
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Why is a Sympathetic ganglion more loosely packed than the DRG?
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Because there are presynaptic neurons that synapse on the multipolar neuron cell bodies and thus take up more room.
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What shape are the neurons in the DRG? In sympathetic ganglia?
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DRG = round/covered w/ satellite cells.
Sympathetic ganglion = irregular w/ fewer satellite cells |
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Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic neurons located?
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Interomediolateral horn of SC
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Where are the cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic neurons located?
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In the sympathetic ganglia (paravertebral at SC levels T1-L2, or prevertebral)
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What is the Nodose ganglion?
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A sensory ganglion like the DRG
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What is the Superior cervical ganglion?
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A sympathetic ganglion
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What do we call peripheral nerve process in the
-PNS -CNS |
PNS = nerve fibers
CNS = White matter |
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Which SC cross section has the smallest amount of white matter?
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Sacral
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Which SC cross section has the largest size?
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Lumbar
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Which SC cross sections have the lateral horn of gray matter?
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T1=L2
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In Which SC cross sections is the Fasciculus cuneatus present?
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Cervical and Thoracic to T6
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Which SC cross section has the most white matter?
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Cervical
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What are the shapes of the SC cross sections?
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Sacral = circle
Lumbar = circle Thoracic = circle Cervical = oval |
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At which spinal cord levels do the nerves supplying the upper limbs come out?
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Cervical - so its ventral gray matter horn is larger than in thoracic levels.
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What special cell structure is on the ependymal cells lining the central canal of the SC?
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Cilia - on simple columnar epithelium.
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In what portion of the SC is the central canal located?
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Central Gray Commissure.
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What is the "seam" at the anterior side of the SC?
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Ventral Median Fissure
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What is the "seam" at the posterior side of the SC?
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Dorsal Median Sulcus
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Which is deeper; fissure or sulcus?
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Fissure
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What are the anterior portions of gray matter?
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Ventral horns
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What are the posterior portions of gray matter?
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Dorsal horns
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What type of neurons are in the ventral horn of the spinal cord?
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LARGE multipolar neurons that innervate skeletal muscles
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What are the motor neurons in the ventral horn of SC called?
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LMNs - Lower motor neurons
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What are the other nuclei that you can see in the ventral horn?
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Glial cell nuclei
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Which SC cross section have prominent ventral horns?
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Cervical and lumbar enlargements
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How do the neuron cell bodies in the DORSAL horn compare to those in the VENTRAL horn?
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They are smaller
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What info is received by Dorsal horn neurons?
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Pain/Temp/Touch from peripheral nerve processes
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Where are the cell bodies of the nerves that make up the dorsal roots?
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In the dorsal root ganglion
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What is the depression in the SC where dorsal nerve roots enter called?
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The dorsolateral sulcus
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To what type of cells do those in the Interomediolateral cell column of the SC give rise?
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-Preganglionic Parasympathetic and Sympathetic neurons
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How many columns of white matter are in the SC?
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6
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What are the white matter columns in the SC?
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-2 anterior funiculi
-2 lateral funiculi -2 posterior funiculi |
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What is White matter?
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Nerve fibers
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What is a bundle of nerve fibers (white matter) called?
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A tract
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What is the function of tracts?
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Relay information between the SC and brain
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What type of sensation is carried in the posterior tract (funiculi)?
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Proprioceptive information regarding touch and position.
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How far down the SC does fasiculus cuneatus extend?
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To T6
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How many layers are in the CEREBELLUM cortex?
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3
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What are the layers in the cerebellum? What does each layer consist of?
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1. Molecular - Dendritic process of stellate/basket cells
2. Purkinje cell layer 3. Granule cell (from superfic -> deepest) |
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How are stellate and basket cells differentiated?
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Stellate: superficial
Basket: closer to purkinje layer |
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WHat does the purkinje layer consist of?
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Large Purkinje cells that make a 1-cell-thick layer
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What does the Granular layer consist of?
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-Granule cells (small)
-Golgi cells (larger) |
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How does the Purkinje layer relate to the Molecular layer?
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An extensive dendritic network extends from it all the way into the superficial molecular layer.
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Where do purkinje AXONS project?
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Deep into the cerebellar cortex - to nuclei within it.
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Why are purkinje cells important?
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They are the only OUTPUT cells of the cerebellar cortex.
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What's more superficial in the granular layer; Granule or Golgi cell nuclei? What's bigger?
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Golgi - bigger - superficial and closer to purkinje cells
Granule - smaller/deeper |
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What is the innermost covering of the cerebellum?
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Pia mater
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How does information ultimately get from the cerebellar cortex out?
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Via axons of deep cerebellar nuclei
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Where are the deep cerebellar nuclei located?
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Embedded within the white matter of the cerebral cortex
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What is the function of gyri in the cerebrum?
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To increase its surface area
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What type of tissue makes up the cortex?
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Gray matter
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Which gyrus has more defined cell layers? Precentral or Postcentral?
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Sensory - postcentral
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Which is a thicker gyrus; Precentral or Postcentral?
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Precentral - the motor gyrus is thicker.
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What are Betz cells?
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Particularly large pyramidal cells in layer V of the motor cortex.
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In what direction are the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells oriented in the cortex?
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toward the cortex surface.
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