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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where are the kidneys?
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Retroperitoneal
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The kidneys are encapsulated by:
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Dense irregular connective tissue
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Outer region of the kidney just deep to the capsule:
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Cortex
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What structures are in the cortex?
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-Renal corpuscles
-Proximal/distal tubules -Medullary rays -Capillaries |
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What does a Renal Corpuscle consist of?
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-Glomerulus
-Mesangial cells -Bowman's capsule |
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What is a glomerulus?
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A tuft of fenestrated capillaries
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What are mesangial cells?
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Modified smooth muscle cells that support the glomerulus and may maintain its basement membrane.
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Can you distinguish mesangial cells by light microscopy?
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No
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What is bowman's capsule?
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A double-walled epithelial chamber surrounding the glomerulus.
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Which part of Bowman's capsule can you see via light microscopy?
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The parietal layer
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What is the PARIETAL layer of bowman's capsule made of?
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Simple Squamous Epithelial cells
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What does the VISCERAL layer of bowman's capsule consist of?
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PODOCYTES
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To what 3 types of cells do the nuclei seen in a glomerulus belong?
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-Capillary endothelial cells
-Mesangial cells -Podocytes |
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What is the clear space between the parietal and visceral layers of Bowman's space?
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Urinary space
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What is in the urinary space?
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Plasma ultrafiltrate
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What are the 3 layers of the filtration barrier?
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1. Fenestrated capillary endothelium
2. Fused basal laminae of capillary endothelial cells and podocytes 3. Diaphragm-covered filtration slits between podocyte foot processes |
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How do you tell apart primary and 2ndary foot processes?
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Primary are big, 2ndary are like little babies
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What are the pores on the endothelial side of the filtration barrier?
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Fenestrations
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What are the pores on the urinary space side o the filtration barrier?
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Filtration slits
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Where do the afferent/efferent artioles enter the glomerulus?
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At the vascular pole
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What side is opposite the vascular pole?
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The urinary pole
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What does the plasma ultrafiltrate draining the urinary space enter into?
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The proximal tubule
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What is the lumen of a proximal tubule like?
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Occluded with brush border
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How do you tell apart a proximal from a distal tubule?
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The distal tubules have much wider open lumens and no brush border.
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How can you tell what a loop of henle is?
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It has really thin walls and will look almost like a capillary.
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What type of epithelial cells do proximal tubules have?
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High cuboidal cells
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Features of PCT cells:
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-Eosinophilic via many mitochon.
-Granular cytoplasm -Abundant long microvilli -Brush border |
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Can you see many nuclei in cross-sections of PCTs?
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No
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What type of epithelial cells are distal tubules made of?
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Low cuboidal
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Features of Distal tubule cells:
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-Not so eosinophilic
-No brush border -Centrally placed nuclei |
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Cany you see many nuclei within a given cross section of a distal tubule?
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Yes - because the cells are smaller.
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What special cells can you see in the distal tubule? How do you know what they are?
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Macula densa cells - they are tightly packed COLUMNAR cells - so contrast to the cuboidal cells.
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What do macula densa cells do?
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Detect NaCl in the filtrate and signal Renin release from JG cells in the afferent arteriole.
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Where do descending limbs of the Loop of Henle descend?
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Within medullary rays into the medulla.
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How do you know when you're looking at thin loops of henle?
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They have SQUAMOUS epithelial cells and are in the medulla, not the cortex.
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So what would you NOT see near henle's limbs?
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Corpuscles - they're only in the cortex.
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How would you know if you're not looking at a thin limb of LOH even if it has squamous cells?
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if it has bright red RBCs in it - then it's a capillary.
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How do you identify collecting ducts?
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They have LARGER lumens, DISTINCT cell borders, and will not be in the cortex.
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What type of epithelium do collecting ducts have?
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Cuboidal to columnar
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Are the cytoplasms of collecting duct epithelial cells eosinophilic?
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NO they are PALE
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Where are the nuclei in collecting duct cells?
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Centrally located
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How does the # of visible nuclei per cross-section vary between the tubule ducts?
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-Proximal = fewest/eosinophilic
-Distal = more -Collecting duct = most/pale |
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What is the stroma of the kidney made of?
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Reticular fibers
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3 Tunics of the Ureter:
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-Mucosa
-Muscularis -Adventitia |
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So the innermost layer of the ureter (facing lumen) is made up of what type of cells?
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Transitional epithelium
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What lies directly under the transitional epithelium?
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Lamina propria
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What is under the lamina propria?
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The muscular layers
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What are the 2 muscular layers in the ureter? Arrangement?
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Inner = longitutinal
Outer = circular |
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What is under the muscular layer?
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The adventitia
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How does the inner/outer arrangement of muscle in the ureter compare to in the digestive system?
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It is opposite.
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What does the mucosal layer of the BLADDER consist of?
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Transitional epithelium
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What lies underneath the urothelium?
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Lamina propria
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what can be seen in the lamina propria of the bladder?
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Pink/Refractile fibers that become very coarse in the muscularis.
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What are the PINK fibers in the lamina propria under the transitional epithelium of the bladder made of?
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Elastin
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How many layers of smooth muscle are in the bladder? Why?
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3 - because it is saccular
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How are the muscular layers of the bladder arranged?
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-outermost is longitudinal
-Middle is circular -Innermost is also longitudinal |
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What lies beyond the outermost longitudinal layer of muscle?
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Adventitia
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What is the most common type of bladder cancer?
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Transitional cell carcinoma
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