Lab 8 Reproductive System

Front 1

What does the reproductive system consist of?

Back 1

Gonads

Ducts

Glands

Perineal structures

Front 2

Gametes

Back 2

Male and Female reproductive cells

Front 3

Gonads

Back 3

Reproductive organs that produce gametes

Front 4

Ducts

Back 4

For transportation of gametes

Front 5

Accessory glands and organs

Back 5

secrete fluids

Front 6

Perineal Structures

Back 6

external genitalia

Front 7

Male Gonads

Back 7

Testes

-secrete androgens

-produce spermatozoa

Front 8

Female Gonads

Back 8

Ovaries

-release one oocyte a month

Front 9

Male Gamete

Back 9

Spermatozoa

Front 10

Female Gamete

Back 10

oocyte (immature)

ovum (mature)

Front 11

Ductal Pathway of Sperm through Testis

Back 11

1. seminiferous tubules

2. straight tubule

3. rete testis

4. efferent ducts

5. ductus epididymus

6. ductus (vas) deferens

Front 12

Corpora Cavernosa

Back 12

Upper paired, erectile tissue masses.

Begins as crura of the penis.

Covered by ischiocavernosus muscle.

Front 13

Corpus Spongiosum

Back 13

Lower erectile tissue mass.

Surrounds urethra.

Begins as bulb of penis.

Covered by bulbospongiosus muscle.

Ends as glans penis.

Front 14

What are the major components of seminal fluid?

Back 14

60% from seminal glands.

30% from prostate gland.

5% from nurse cells and epididymis.

< 5% from bulbourethral glands

(10% sperm according to ed)

Front 15

What are the major components of prostatic fluid and their functions?

Back 15

calcium, citrate and phosphate ions:

clotting enzyme

protein hydrolizing enzyme

prostate gland: Secretes milky, pH 6.5 fluid that increases sperm motility and viabilitycitric acid for ATP production & enzymes for seminal liquefaction

Front 16

What is secreted by the bulbourethral gland?

What is its function?

Back 16

Secretes alkaline mucous into spongy urethra

Neutralizes acids (urea) and lubricates

Front 17

What erectile tissue does the penile urethra travel through?

Back 17

Corpus Spongiosum

Front 18

List the structures located in the spermatic cord,

Back 18

Testicular artery

Pampiniform plexus of veins

Autonomic nerves

Lymphatic vessels

Ductus (vas) deferens

(Cremater muscle) for eds lecture

Front 19

Where are sperm made?

Back 19

Seminiferous tubules

Front 20

Where are sperm stored?

Back 20

Epididymous

Front 21

What moves the sperm through the epididymus and vas deferens?

Back 21

not sure? peristalsis?

Front 22

What is the function of the cilia in the epididymus?

Back 22

stereocilia increase surface area

Front 23

Sertoli cells

Back 23

AKA Nurse cells/ sustentacular cells

Support spermatogenesis

-extend from basement membrane to lumen

-form blood-testis barrier

-support developing sperm cells

-produce fluid & control release of sperm into lumen

- secrete inhibin which slows sperm production by inhibiting FSH

Front 24

What is the function of the Sertoli cells?

Back 24

1. maintain blood testes barrier

2. support mitosis and meiosis (FSH induced)

3. support spermiogenesis (nutrition, Protection)

4. secrete inhibin (regulation of FSH and GnRH)

5. secrete androgen binding protein (abp)

6. secrete mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF)

Front 25

Spermiation:

Back 25

Release of a sperm cell from a nurse cell.

Front 26

What hormone stimulates the Sertoli cells?

Back 26

FSH: follicle stimulating hormone

Front 27

What do Sertoli cells produce?

Back 27

ABP: androgen binding protein

(concentrates testosterone in the seminiferous tubules)

Front 28

What do Sertoli cells secrete when sperm production is too high?

Back 28

Inhibin

(inhibits the secretion of FSH and GnRH)

Front 29

Interstitial cells/ Leydig cells

Back 29

one of the interstitial cells, located next to the seminiferous tubules inside the testicle, that produce testosterone

Front 30

What hormone do the Leydig cells produce?

Back 30

testosterone

In the testes, LH binds to receptors on Leydig cells, which stimulates the synthesis and secretion of testosterone.

Front 31

What hormone stimulates the Leydig cells?

Back 31

luteinizing hormone

(from the pituitary gland)

LH stimulates production of the sex hormones (androgens) by the Leydig cells of the testes.

Front 32

Where does spermatogenesis take place?

Back 32

seminiferous tubules

Front 33

List the stages of sperm development from least mature to most mature.

Back 33

Spermatogonia

Primary spermatocyte

Secondary spermatocyte

Spermatid

Spermatozoa (functional sperm)

Front 34

During spermatogenesis, which form of sperm goes through mitosis?

Back 34

Spermatogonia

(Each division of a diploid spermatogonium produces two daughter cells. One is a spermatogonium and remains in contact with basement membrane of tubule. The other a primary spermatocyte, which displaces toward lumen.)

Front 35

Spermatogonia

Back 35

Produce 2 kinds of daughter cells.

Type A (Remain outside blood-testis barrier.Produce more daughter cells until death.)

Type B (Differentiate into primary spermatocytes.)

Front 36

Which are 2n (46 chromosomes) and which are 1n?

Back 36

Primary Spermatocye is 2n

Secondary Spermatocyte is 1n.

Front 37

What is the difference between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis?

Back 37

Spermatogenesis:

Spermiogenesis: last step of spermatogenesis where spermatid matures into spermatozoon (sperm) attached to cytoplasm of nurse cells.

Front 38

Meiosis 1

Back 38

Prior to the start of meiosis I primary spermatocyte contains 46 individual chromosomes.

At the end of meiosis I daughter cells are known as secondary spermatocytes each containing 23 chromosomes and a pair of duplicate chromatids.

Front 39

Meiosis 2

Back 39

Secondary spermatocytes soon enter meiosis II yielding four haploid spermatids, each containing 23 chromosomes.

Each primary spermatocyte entering meiosis will render four spermatids.

Front 40

What is capacitation?

Back 40

A step spermatozoa undergo in the female reproductive track that renders them capable of fertilizing an oocyte.

Capacitation occurs when the glycoprotein coat of sperm (Acrosome) is removed in the female reproductive tract allowing the sperm to penetrate the oocyte.

Front 41

Where does capacitation occur?

Back 41

Female Reproductive Tract

Prior to fertilization, sperm undergo a process of capacitation in response to conditions in the female reproductive tract, which include increases in motility and destabilization of the cell membrane that allows the head of the sperm to penetrate the egg.

Front 42

What are the contents of the head of spermatozoa?

Back 42

Acrosome - glycoprotein coat, hyaluronidase

Nucleus - haploid set of chromosomes.

contains the nucleus with densely coiled chromatin fibers, surrounded anteriorly by an acrosome that contains enzymes for penetrating the female egg

Front 43

What are the contents of the midpiece of spermatozoa?

Back 43

Contain mitochondria that produce ATP to move tail.

central filamentous core with many mitochondria spiraled around it.

Front 44

What are the contents of the tail of spermatozoa?

Back 44

Only flagellum in human body.

Whiplike organelle that moves cell.

Front 45

What cells does FSH stimulate?

Back 45

FSH enters the testes, stimulating the Sertoli cells, which help to nourish the sperm cells that the testes produce, to begin facilitating spermatogenesis.

In females, FSH stimulates development of egg cells (or ova) in structures called follicles.

In males, FSH stimulates the production of sperm cells by signaling them to undergo meiosis, while in females, FSH stimulates the growth of the ovum inside the follicle of the ovary.

Front 46

What hormone do the granulosa cells secrete?

Back 46

Estrogen and progesterone

Front 47

What hormone do the thecal cells secrete?

Back 47

Testosterone

Front 48

Which hormone causes the Graafian follicle to rupture? (ovulation)

Back 48

LH

Front 49

What is the corpus luteum?

Back 49

Endocrine structure that secretes progesterone preparing uterus for pregnancy

Front 50

What 2 hormones are secreted by the corpus luteum to mature and maintain the endometrium?

Back 50

Contains cholesterol enabling the production of progestins, primarily progesterone.

Progesterone stimulates the maturation of the uterine lining and secretions of the uterine glands in preparing uterus for pregnancy

Front 51

What muscle is deep to the breast tissue?

Back 51

Pectoralis Major

Front 52

Where are the lymphatics that drain the breast located?

Back 52

Axillary lymph nodes drain lymph vessels from the lateral quadrant of the breast.

Front 53

Which hormone from the pituitary glands promotes the synthesis of milk?

Back 53

Prolactin

Prolactin promotes the synthesis of milk but many hormones also play a role including progesterone, estrogen and human placental lactogen.

Front 54

Which hormone from the posterior pituitary gland stimulates milk ejection?

Back 54

Oxytocin

Front 55

Sort the stages of maturity of the gamete during oogenesis from least mature to most mature.

Back 55

Oogonia

Primary oocyte

Secondary oocyte

Ovum

Front 56

What is the stage of maturity of the gamete when it is ovulated?

Back 56

Secondary oocyte.

Front 57

What is the stage of the gamete after sperm penetration occurs and before fusion of the male and female pronuclei.

Back 57

Ovum and polar body. (?)

Front 58

Polar body

Back 58

Small haploid cell that is formed alongside the ovum during oogenesis but does not have the ability to be fertilized.

Front 59

Inhibin

Back 59

If Sperm production is sufficient:

sertoli cells release inhibin

inhibits FSH secretion by the anterior pituitarydecreases sperm production

If Sperm production is proceeding too slowly: less inhibin is released by the sertoli cells

more FSH will be secreted

sperm production will be increased

Front 60

Epididymis

Back 60

-Comma-shaped organ.

-Along posterior border of each testis.

-Head, body and tail region.

-Multiple efferent ducts to a single ductus epididymis of head region.

-20 foot tube if uncoiled.

-Tail region continues as ductus deferens.

-Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. -Layer of smooth muscle.

Front 61

What is the function of the epididymous?

Back 61

1. Monitors/adjusts fluid composition (stereocilia).

2. Recycles damaged spermatozoa.

3. Storage, protection, facilitation.

--Epithelial cells regulate environment.

--Maturation of spermatozoa

Front 62

How is the Corpus Luteum formed?

Back 62

Empty tertiary follicle initially collapses, and ruptured vessels bleed into antrum.

Remaining granulosa cells invade area proliferating and creating the corpus luteum (endocrine structure).