Lab 6

Front 1

What is pulmonary ventilation?

Back 1

Inspiration + expiration

Front 2

What is inspiration?

Back 2

air is taken into the lungs; external intercostals and diaphragm contract, size of thoracic cavity increases as the diaphragm flattens and the external intercostals lift the rib cage; lungs adhere to pleura so volume of lungs increases and pressure decreases, bringing air in

Front 3

What is expiration?

Back 3

air passes out of the lungs; inspiratory muscles relax, elastic lung tissue recoils to decrease volumes; this forces gas molecules to come together and increases pressure, so they are pushed out

Front 4

What is Boyle's Law?

Back 4

P=1/V

Front 5

For the glass bottle apparatus, what happened when the diaphragm was pushed up?

Back 5

internal jar volume decreases and pressure increases; this makes the volume of the balloons (lungs) decrease; air flows out of lungs

Front 6

For the glass bottle apparatus, what happened when the diaphragm was pulled down?

Back 6

internal jar volume increases, pressure decreased, volume of balloons increased; air goes into lungs

Front 7

What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

Back 7

airflow in and out of lungs is reduced (asthma or emphysema, bronchitis); to diagnose you need to measure pulmonary flow rates and ERV

INCREASED AIRWAY RESISTANCE, difficult expiration

Front 8

What is chronic restrictive pulmonary disease?

Back 8

decreased lung capacity

Acute lung injury
Pleurisy
Pulmonary fibrosis
Pneumonia
Pulmonary edema
MS, Obesity, Cystic Fibrosis

Difficult inspiration

Front 9

Why is emphysema obstructive?

Back 9

The collapsed alveoli reduces the elastic nature of the lungs, increasing the compliance. Since compliance is increased, the lungs are far too flexible and it is difficult to expel all the air in your vital capacity (VC itself stays the same). That's why it's obstructive - because the increased compliance obstructs the total expelling of air. If you can't breathe out as much, in the case of emphysema, how does that affect the lung capacities? Hint: think of expiratory reserve volume.

Front 10

What are the question marks?

Back 10

Front 11

What is tidal volume?

Back 11

the amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions (normal quiet breathing); ~500 mL

Front 12

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

Back 12

the amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation; ~3100 mL

Front 13

What is expiratory reserve volume?

Back 13

the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation; ~1200 mL; reduced in obstructive diseases like emphysema because it’s tiring to get air out

Front 14

What is vital capacity?

Back 14

the maximum exchangeable air in the lungs. The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximal inspiration.

Front 15

What is residual volume?

Back 15

amount of air remaining in lungs after max exhalation; about 1200 mL, important because it allows gas exchange to go on continuously even between breaths

Front 16

What equation relates several properties of lungs?

Back 16

VC= TV + IRV + ERV: ~4800 mL

Front 17

What does the dry spirometer measure?

Back 17

measures volumes exhaled air only; need to reset to 0 after each trial

Front 18

How do we calculate minute respiratory volume?

Back 18

= Tidal Volume x Respirations/minute=liters/minute

Front 19

What did we calculate with the dry spirometer?

Back 19

• ERV (breathe additional air out as much as you can after exhaling from normal breath)
• Vital capacity (inhale as much as possible and exhale as much as possible)

Front 20

What did we calculate AFTER using the dry spirometer?

Back 20

• Percentage vital capacity; Percentage VC=(measured VC/Predicted VC) x 100
• Inspiratory reserve volume; IRV=VC – (TV + ERV); normal range is 2100 to 3100 mL
• Residual volume: Predicted RV=Vital capacity x age correction factor

Front 21

Purpose of using pulmonary function test/peak flow meter:

Back 21

: helps clinician distinguish between obstructive and restrictive pulmonary diseases; airway resistance increased in obstructive disorders but in restrictive total lung capacity declines

Front 22

What did we measure using the peak flow meter?

Back 22

• Peak expiratory flow rate (in L/min); predicted average peak flow rate=what we measured x age correction factor

Front 23

Fill in da blanks

Back 23

Front 24

How did we calibrate the biopac?

Back 24

used calibration syringe, blew through bacteriolcal filter; needed to hold parallel to ground because sensitive to gravity; simulating five breathing cycles (pushing plunger in for one second, waiting two seconds, pulling plunger out for one second, waiting two seconds)

Front 25

How did we use the biopac in part 1?

Back 25

three normal breaths, inhaled as much as possible, three normal breaths, exhaled as much as possible, inhaled (given L)

Front 26

What specifically did we measure with the biopac in part 1?

Back 26

• Measured tidal volume for first three breaths (diff between highest and lowest peaks)
• IRV: highlighted from peak of maximum inhalation to last peak of normal respiration right before it
• ERV: highlighted from the trough of max exhalation to trough of last normal exhalation
• VC: peak of max inhalation to trough of max exhalation
• Assumed residual volume is 1.0 L because can’t measure it

Front 27

How did we measure the predicted vital capacity?

Back 27

Males=.052 (height in cm)- .022(age in years) – 3.60
Females: .041(height in cm) - .018(age in years) – 2.69
Measured values 20% lesser or greater than the calculated predicted value are normal

Front 28

What did we measure in the second part of the biopac lab?

Back 28

measuring Forced Expiratory Volume; a test in which a limit is placed on the length of time a subject has to expel vital capacity air

Front 29

What is FEV1?

Back 29

percentage of vital capacity expelled forcibly after a max inhalation in period of one second; usually 66-83%

Front 30

What is FEV2?

Back 30

percentage of vital capacity expelled forcibly after a max inhalation in period of two seconds; usually 75-94%

Front 31

What is FEV3?

Back 31

percentage of vital capacity expelled forcibly after a max inhalation in period of three seconds; usually 78-97%

Front 32

Does an asthma patient have a normal vital capacity? FEV?

Back 32

Asthma patient has a normal vital capacity but FEV reduced due to heavy mucus secretion; airway diameter is reduced, longer to get that air out

Front 33

How did we measure FEV with biopac?

Back 33

had person breathe normally for three cycles, then inhaled as much as possible and exhaled as quickly as possible for three seconds

Front 34

How did we analyze the data with the biopac in part 2?

Back 34

• Selected where we started the maximum exhale, use delta T to determine the three seconds, click calculate FEV; from there use p-p measurement [max value in selected area] for each interval (it represents vital capacity)

Front 35

Would a smaller subject tend to have less or more vital capacity than a larger person?

Back 35

Less—plugging a smaller height in the VC predicted equation gives it a lower value.

Front 36

Individuals with asthma tend to have smaller airways due to smooth muscle constriction, excess mucus secretion, and thickened walls in the bronchial tree. How does this affect their vital capacity, and the FEV?

Back 36

Vital capacity wouldn’t change because it is only dependent on height and age. FEV would decrease because less air would be able to be expelled in one second due to a smaller aiway.

Front 37

What is compliance?

Back 37

A measure of a lung’s resistance to changes in volume at a given pressure: how “stiff” the lung is.

Front 38

What is high compliance?

Back 38

High compliance: poor elastic recoil, “floppy lungs”
problem exhaling air

Front 39

What is low compliance?

Back 39

high elastic recoil, “stiff lungs”
problem inhaling air

Front 40

What are factors affecting lung compliance?

Back 40

Chest wall stiffness (extrinsic...scoliosis, pleurisy, obesity, arthitis, ALS)

Lung stiffness (intrinsic)

Elasticity of lung tissue (intrinsic...fibrosis) and surface tension (intrinsic)

Front 41

Can we use FEV to distinguish between diseases?

Back 41

Not really...decreases in all segments for asthma (obstructive) AND fibrosis (restrictive)

Front 42

What type of disease does a spirometer measure?

Back 42

Restrictive diseases because detects lung volumes

Front 43

What type of disease does a peak flow meter measure?

Back 43

Obstructive diseases; measures the max speed you can exhale

Front 44

What is FVC vs FEV?

Back 44

FVC is simply a measure of vital capacity.
It’s “forced” to get the true value
Repeated 3x

FEV is simply a measure of volume exhaled, over a particular time interval.

Front 45

What diseases affect compliance?

Back 45