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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The empirical approach to knowledge is based on
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observations
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The purposes of experiments is to
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explore cause-effect relationships
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background characteristics such as socioeconomic status
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demographics
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causal comparative study
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1.describe/observe some current condition
2.look to the past to identify possible causes of condition |
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Survey
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describe the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of a population
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Census
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interviewing entire population
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Field Research
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thorough, intensive case study of a group as a participant or non-participant researcher
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longitudinal research
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repeatedly measuring traits of participants over a long period of time to trace developmental trends
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correlational research
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degree of relationship among two or more quantitative variables
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historical research
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1. examine data to understand the past
2. attempt to understand the dynamics of human history 3. develop theories that may explain historical events and patterns |
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exhaustive variable
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variable with a category for each respondent
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Independent variable
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presumed cause
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Dependent variable
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response or outcome
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Conceptual definition
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general topic
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Operational definition
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redefining a variable in terms of physical steps
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debriefing
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reviewing the purpose of the study and procedure, offering to share results with participants
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theory
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unified explanation for observations that may otherwise be considered unrelated
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functions of research
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1. test hypotheses derived from a theory
2. provide observations and conclusions that we can use to formulate a theory |
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inferential statistics
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help draw inferences about the effects of sampling errors and make generalizations about the characteristics of populations
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significance tests
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help us decide if descriptive stats from studies are reliable
*LOOK FOR LESS THAN 0.5 |
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Samples yeild
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statistics
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populations yeild
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parameters
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Nominal
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naming level
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frequencies are also referred to as
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"numbers of cases"
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ordinal
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ranking level
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interval
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equal interval with no absolute zero
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Ratio
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level with equal intervals and an absolute zero
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proportions
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alternatives to percentages
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Standard deviation:
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calculating the number of points you must move outward from the mean (bell curve) to encompass 68% of cases
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