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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What four tests does urinalysis test to detect and assess?
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Renal function/disorder
Endocrine or metobolic function disorder Urinary tract infection Systemic disease |
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What are the clinical reasons for performing a urinalysis?
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Importnat indicator of health, cost effective in-vitro diagnostic test, non invasive procedure and simple to perform
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What are the two methods of urine collection?
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Non-instrumented
Instrumented |
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What are the four non-instrumented methods of urine collection?
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First morning void
Random urine specimen Clean catch 24 hour urine |
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What are the four instrumented methods of urine collection?
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Urethral Catherization
Suprapubic needle aspiration Catheterization and bladder irrigation |
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After collection when is urine preffered to be analyzed?
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1-2 hours
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How long can the urine specimen be refregierated if unable to test immediately?
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3-6 hours
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What are the 3 mechanisms of urine decomposition?
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Presence of bacteria in sample
Urea splitting bacteria Changes in sample |
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What will increase the pH in a urine sample?
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Urea splitting bacteria produces ammonia and combines with hydrogen ions
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What results if pH level is increased in urine?
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It will dissolve any casts present
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What will glucose in a sample do?
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Create a false negative for glycosuria
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What does a urine sample need to prevent deterioration of blood cells and casts?
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Preservatives
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What does using preservatives in urine specimen enable?
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Transport of urine from home to lab
Shipment of urine across country |
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Which preservative method is used for transport but may destroy formed elements?
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Freezing
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Which preservative method preserves acetone, diacetic acid and proteins by floating on the top of the urine but is hard to seperate?
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Toluene
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Which preservatives inhibits bacteria/fungus yet gives a false positive for protein?
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Thymol
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Which preservative preserves urine aldosterone levels but settles to the bottom of containers?
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Chloroform
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What preserves urinary sediment/cells but interferes with glucose elevation?
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Formaldehyde
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What stabilizes steroids and is a hazardous liquid with fumes and destroys formed elements in the urine?
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Hydrogen Chloride
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Preserves chemical and formed elements but may precipitate uric acid
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Boric Acid
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Preserves urine for dipstick chemical analysis and sediment evaluation but is unsuitable for sodium, potassium, and hormone analysis
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Preservative tablet
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Which collection is the most concentrated and is the recommended specimen for chemical and microscopic examinations?
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First morning void
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which collection method is the most common and can be taken at any time?
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Random urine sample
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Which collection method is the choice for bacterial cultures and can have cultures performed if refrigerated within 12 hours of collection?
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Clean catch
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Which specimen gives quatitative results and may need preservatives?
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24-hour urine
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Which collection method is not recommended for bacteriological exam and is to be used only if there is no other way and on obese patients?
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Urethral Catherization
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Which collection method is the choice for infants and very young children?
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Suprapubic needle aspiration
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Which collection method involves inserting 50-72 mL saline and then removed for cytology study?
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Catherization and bladder irrigation
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What are the three urine sample analysis?
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Physical
Chemical Microscope |
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What is the normal urine volume in a 24 hour period?
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600-2000 mL
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What is the average volume of urine in a 24 hour period?
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1500 mL
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What is urine amount directly related to?
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Fluid intake
Temperature and Climate Amount of persperation |
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What is the normal color of urine?
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Yellow to dark amber
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What is the significance of blue green urine?
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Methylene blue (used as dye or stain)
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Dark orange urine
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Pyridium
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Milky white urine
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Chyle
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Olive Green to brown black urine
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Phenols (poisenous compound used for antimicrobial agent)
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Yellow to brown urine
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(turns greenish with foam when shaken) Presence of bile
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red or red brown (smoky) urine
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presence of blood
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What is turbid alkaline urine due to?
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Amorphous phosphate
Amorphous carbonate |
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What is turbid acidic urine due to?
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Amorphous urates
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What does the pinkish turbidity frequently indicate?
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Presence of urates
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What is not considered to be of diagnostc importance?
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Odor
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When urine has been standing for a long time what odor developes?
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Ammonia
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If urine has a sweet fruity smell what does that indicate?
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Keytones
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If urine has a pungent smell what does that indicate?
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Ammonia produced by bacteria
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Urine with a maple syrup odor indicates
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Maple syrup urine disease a congenital metabolic disorder
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If urine is musty or mousy odor
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infant with phenylketonuria
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If urine has a sweaty feet odor
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Isovaleric academia, presence of butyric or hexanoic acid
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What is the specific gravity for random urine
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1.003-1.035
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What is the specific gravity for 24 hour urine?
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1.015-1.025
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What is the quantity of glucose in urine dependant on?
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Blood glucose level
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What is the threshold level of glucose in urine?
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160-180 mg/dL
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Glucosuria may indicate what?
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Diabetes Mellitus
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Keytones in the urine indicate?
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Incomplete utilization of fatty acid
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What conditions are associated with keytonuria?
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Decrease intake of carbs(starvation)
Decrease utilization of carbs (diabetes Mellitus) Dietary imbalance (high fat low carb) Eclampsia Prolongued vomiting and diarrhea |
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What is presence of blood in the urine known as?
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Hematuria
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What do RBC's in the urine indicate?
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Damage or trauma to the kidney or urinary tract
Renal disease |
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What condition is caused by bilirubin in the system
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Jaundice
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What color is urine containing bilirubins
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Brown to black(amber)
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What does bilirubinuria indicate?
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Hepatocellular disease
Intra or extra hepatic biliary obstruction |
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What is normally present in the urine at a a concentration of 1 EU or less?
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Urobilinogen
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What is the normal amount of urobilinogen?
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1mg/dL
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What are the normal pH ranges for urine?
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4.6-8.0
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What is the average pH level in urine?
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6.0
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What pathologic conditions may cause acidic urine?
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Respiratpry and metabolic acidosis
UTI Uremia Severe Diarrhea Starvation |
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What are some pathologic conditions that cause alkaline urine?
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UTI's caused by proteus and psuedomonos species
Respiratory and metabolic alkalosis |
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What is protein in the urine an indicator of?
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Renal disease
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What two mechanisms do proteinuria occur in?
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Glomerular damage and defect in the reabsorbsion process of the tubules
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What are the values for minimal proteinuria?
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<0.5 g/day
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What are disease attached to minimal proteinuria
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Polycystic kidneys
Chronic pyelonephritis Inactive chronic glomerulonephritis benign orthostatic proteinuria |
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What are the values for moderate proteinuria?
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0.5-3.5g/day
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What are the values for severe proteinuria?
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>3.5 g/day
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What is an indirect test for bacteria?
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Leukocyte esterase
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