Lab 1

Front 1

what is the sinoatrial node? (SA)

Back 1

PACEMAKER-

Front 2

Map out the nerve pathway of a heart beat.

Back 2

1. SA node depolarizes- AP begins
2. Atrioventicular Node(AV)-receives AP from SA node
3. Bundle of his- only site where AP is conducted from atria to ventricles.
4. RT & LF bundle branches- travel down interventricular septum
5. Purkinje Fibers- AP reaches here and ventricles contract.

Front 3

electrical difference across the cell membrane when at rest. The cell is polarized at -90mV.

Back 3

normal resting potential

Front 4

electrical event. if of proper strength(threshold) will cause contraction event

Back 4

Action Potential

Front 5

when AP reaches threshold K+ and Na+ channels open in membrane. Na+ flow into the cell and K+ flows out.
-- the influx of Na+ and outflow of K+ raise charge of cell to -0mV.

Back 5

Depolarization.

Front 6

low concentrations of Ca++ ions leak into the cell and the contractions occurs

Back 6

plateau

Front 7

when AP has passed, K+ ions flow back in and Na+ ions exit cell, restoring resting membrane potential. - Muscle is in relaxation period

Back 7

repolarization

Front 8

machine that measures electrical activity of the heart.

Back 8

Electrocardiograph (EKG)

Front 9

the output of the EKG

Back 9

electrocardiogram

Front 10

machine used to measure BP from brachial artery

Back 10

sphygmomanometer

Front 11

force exerted during ventricular contraction

Back 11

systolic pressure

Front 12

force exerted during ventricular relaxation

Back 12

diastolic pressure

Front 13

instrument used to listen to sounds of the body

Back 13

stethoscope

Front 14

process of listening to heart sounds

Back 14

auscultation

Front 15

sounds heard thru stethoscope

Back 15

Korotkoff Sounds

Front 16

sound made by closing of AV valves

Back 16

Lubb

Front 17

sounds made by closing of SL valves

Back 17

Dubb

Front 18

normal BP

Back 18

120/80 mmHg

Front 19

normal pulse

Back 19

70-80 BPM

Front 20

elevated resting HR >100 BPM

Back 20

tachycardia

Front 21

low resting HR <60 BPM

Back 21

bradycardia

Front 22

normal rhythm of heart beats

Back 22

normal sinus rhythm

Front 23

irregularity in heart rhythm

Back 23

arrhythmia

Front 24

asynchronous contraction of chambers

Back 24

fibrillation

Front 25

momentarily stopping heart through electric shock to reestablish a normal sinus rhythm

Back 25

defibrillation

Front 26

artery in the wrist to measure pulse

Back 26

radial artery

Front 27

large artery in the neck to measure pulse

Back 27

carotid artery

Front 28

Steps to measure a heart beat on EKG strip.

Back 28

1. mark of how many waves occur in 10 seconds
2. # waves/10 sec X 60 sec/1 min
= BPM

Front 29

liquid connective tissue, chief means of transport thru out body

Back 29

blood

Front 30

liquid found in blood vessels- composed of H2O and dissolved substances

Back 30

plasma

Front 31

RBC WBC & platelets

Back 31

formed elements

Front 32

process by which elements of blood develop

Back 32

hemopoiesis

Front 33

RBC, biconcave (no nucleus) contain hemoglobin which carry O2

Back 33

erythrocytes

Front 34

process of making RBC

Back 34

erythropoiesis

Front 35

platelets, small cell fragments, that facilitate and promote blood clotting

Back 35

thrombocytes

Front 36

WBC, have a nucleus. do NOT have hemoglobin. responsible for fighting infection

Back 36

leukocytes

Front 37

process of making WBC

Back 37

leukocytosis

Front 38

low(or lack of) WBC

Back 38

leukopenia

Front 39

WBC can leave the bloodstream to fight infections by squeezing thru the cell layers of blood vessels

Back 39

emigration

Front 40

a granular leukocyte; nucleus has 2-5 lobes, connected by a thin chromatin filament, small grains, most abundant leukocyte

Back 40

Neutrophil

Front 41

which WBC increases # due to bacterial infection, burns, or stress?

Back 41

neutrophil

Front 42

granular leukocyte; 2 large lobes

Back 42

eosinophil

Front 43

which WBC increases # due to allergic reactions and parasitic infections?

Back 43

eosinophil

Front 44

granular leukocyte; nucleus has two lobes but is obscured by granules on top of it. The whole cell looks dark and grainy.

Back 44

basophil

Front 45

Which WBC increases in # due to allergic reactions and cancer?

Back 45

basophil

Front 46

agranular leukocyte; nucleus takes up most of cell.

Back 46

lymphocyte

Front 47

Which WBC is attacked by AIDs virus?

Back 47

lymphocytes

Front 48

agranular leukocyte; nucleus is horseshoe shaped or "M" shaped.

Back 48

monocyte

Front 49

Which WBC increases in # due to viral/fungal infections, leukemia and chronic diseases?

Back 49

monocyte

Front 50

process of cell eating

Back 50

phagocytosis

Front 51

which two cells play a major part in phagocytosis?

Back 51

monocytes and neutrophils???

Front 52

anything that is recognized as foreign and provokes an immune response, proteins located on surface of RBC

Back 52

antigens

Front 53

bind to and react with a specific antigen

Back 53

antibodies

Front 54

addition antigen found on surface of RBC

Back 54

Rh factor

Front 55

occurs when mother is - and baby is +. -mother is exposed to +antigens from 1st baby; 1st baby is unaffected. After the birth, mom develops antibodies against +Rh. If the mom has 2nd child who is Rh+, her antibodies will cross the placenta and attack

Back 55

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Front 56

can receive blood from any donor

Back 56

universal recipient

Front 57

which blood type is considered a universal recipient?

Back 57

AB+

Front 58

can give blood to anyone

Back 58

universal donor

Front 59

which blood type is considered to be a universal donor?

Back 59

O-

Front 60

reaction that occurs when an incompatible blood type is given. Antibodies in the recipient blood react with donor antigens causing RBC to stick together, clot, and rupture

Back 60

transfusion reaction.

Front 61

a test that measures the % of blood that is RBC

Back 61

Hematocrit

Front 62

abnormal RBC count or volume, means that there are more cells than there should be

Back 62

polycythemia

Front 63

a condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced. Characterized by reduced #s of RBCs or a low amount of hemoglobin

Back 63

anemia

Front 64

What is the average value of RBC volume in a hematocrit test?
Male and female?

Back 64

M= 40-55% ave. 47%
F= 38-46% ave. 42%

Front 65

muscle; moves skeleton, voluntary, striated, multinucleated

Back 65

skeletal muscle

Front 66

muscle; found inside blood vessels & hollow organs, involuntary, no striations, one nucleus

Back 66

smooth muscle

Front 67

muscle; found only in heart, involuntary, heavily striated, some are multi-nucleated

Back 67

cardiac muscle

Front 68

carry blood away from heart; carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary trunk and arteries)

Back 68

arteries

Front 69

carry blood toward heart; carry unoxygenated blood (except for pulmonary veins)

Back 69

veins

Front 70

mass of tissue that extends from sternum to the vertebral column between lungs

Back 70

mediastinum

Front 71

pointed bottom of the heart

Back 71

apex

Front 72

broad top of heart

Back 72

base

Front 73

a tough membrane that surrounds/protects the heart. It anchors the heart in the mediastinum while allowing for freedon of movement during rigorous contraction

Back 73

pericardium

Front 74

name the 2 main parts of the pericardium

Back 74

fibrous pericardium & serous pericardium

Front 75

3 functions of the fibrous pericardium

Back 75

1. protects overstretching
2.protects heart
3. anchors the heart

Front 76

name the 2 layers (and cavity) of the serous pericardium

Back 76

1. parietal layer
2. visceral layer
3. pericardial cavity

Front 77

name the 3 layers of the heart (from outer to inner)

Back 77

epicardium-thin outer layer
myocardium-thick muscle
endocardium- lines chambers

Front 78

Outline the steps of pulmonary circulation.

Back 78

1. superior/inferior vena cava
2. rt. atrium
3. tricuspid valve
4. rt. ventricle
5. pulmonary semilunar valve
6. pulmonary trunk
7. Rt and Lf pulmonary arteries
8. lungs

Front 79

Outline the steps of systemic circulation.

Back 79

1. Rt & Lf pulmonary veins
2. Lf atrium
3. bicuspid (mitral, Lf AV) valve
4. Lf ventricle
5. aortic semilunar valve
6. aortic arch
7. aorta

Front 80

thick wall between ventricles

Back 80

interventricular septum

Front 81

large grooves on the outside of heart, between ventricles

Back 81

interventricular sulcus

Front 82

"heart strings"; tough strands that pull open valves

Back 82

chordae tendineae

Front 83

pull on and operate chordae tendineae

Back 83

papillary muscle

Front 84

ridges in ventricles near the apex; help direct blood flow(downwards) & convey part of heart contraction system

Back 84

trabiculae carneae

Front 85

muscular ridges in anterior wall of Rt atrium

Back 85

pectinae muscles

Front 86

an extensive pathway of tubelike vessels connected to a web-like network, which facilitates diffusion of materials across a concentration gradient

Back 86

circulatory system

Front 87

carry blood away from heart; rigid structure, mostly of elastic fibers and smooth muscle, which allow for elasticity and contractility

Back 87

arteries

Front 88

carry blood to the heart; relatively thin, not rigid. have one-way valves to aid in blood return against gravity

Back 88

veins

Front 89

name the three layers of veins (from inner to outer)

Back 89

1. tunica interna
2. tunica media
3. tunica externa

Front 90

which layer is the thickest in veins?

Back 90

tunica externa

Front 91

hollow center of blood vessel; "hole" blood flows through

Back 91

lumen

Front 92

small arteries; blood flows to these from bigger arteries

Back 92

arteriole

Front 93

network of vessels that permit the exchange of nutrients and waste between the blood and the cells; one cell layer thick

Back 93

capillary

Front 94

small veins; blood flows into these from capillaries , they drain into larger vein

Back 94

venule

Front 95

system that runs paralled to circulatory system; assists in circulating body fluid and helps defends against disease-causing agents.

Back 95

lymphatic system

Front 96

name the 3 functions of the lymphatic system

Back 96

1. drains excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and returns it to blood.
2. transports dietary lipids and lipid/water soluble vitamins
3. immune system response

Front 97

carry lymph fluid; follow circulatory system

Back 97

lymph vessel

Front 98

drain interstitial fluid from tissues

Back 98

lymphatic capillary

Front 99

name the
a.)two lymphatic ducts,
b.)where they receive lymph from
c.) where they drain to

Back 99

1. Right lymphatic duct
-receives from only upper right side of body
-empties: Rt internal jugular vein and Rt. subclavian vein
2. Thoracic duct
-receives from left side of body and Rt side below waist
-empties: Lf internal jugular and Lf subclavian vein

Front 100

the beginning of the thoracic duct, located in the abdomen

Back 100

cisterna chyli

Front 101

masses of lymphatic tissues scattered thru out the body along lymph vessels. Composed of B cells, T cells,& macrophages. Functions in immune response & filters lymph of debris for phagocytes

Back 101

lymph nodes

Front 102

where are the lymph nodes located?

Back 102

armpit, neck, groin, back of knee, under tongue

Front 103

ring of 5 lymphatic nodules in throat which fight against inhaled or injested foreign substances

Back 103

tonsils

Front 104

largest mass of lymphatic tissue, located between stomach, diaphragm, kidney and pancreas

Back 104

spleen

Front 105

what is the function of the spleen?

Back 105

removal of worn out blood cells, immune response & storage of platelets

Front 106

located between lungs, rests around trachea; site of maturation of T cells

Back 106

Thymus gland