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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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EEE, also known as _____, is spread by what organism? |
"sleeping sickness" mosquito |
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What are signs of EEE? (4) |
Fever Ataxia Recumbency Death |
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What is the treatment for EEE? |
None Prevent with vax |
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Is EEE viral, bacterial, or microbial? |
Bacterial |
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What does EEE stand for? |
Eastern Equine Encephalitis |
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What does EIA stand for? What is another name for it? |
Equine infectious anemia Swamp fever |
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How is EIA spread? |
Blood-sucking flies/insects |
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How do you test for EIA? |
Coggin's test |
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What are the consequences of a horse testing positive for EIA? |
Must be reported, should be quarantined, and euthanasia suggested. Cannot cross many borders is Coggins positive |
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Signs of EIA? |
Fever Anemia Jaundice Depression Edema Wt loss |
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What organism causes tetanus? What is tetanus also known as? |
Clostridium tatani Lock-jaw |
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Signs of tetanus? |
Open wounds Stiffness Saw horse appearance Elevated third eyelid |
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TX for tetanus? |
antitoxin sedative muscle relaxors supportive care PREVENT with vax |
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Universal horse birthday? |
January 1st |
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How is West Nile transmitted? |
Mosquitos transported by birds |
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Signs of West Nile? |
Low-grade fever Muscle fasiculations (twitching) Colic Depression Death (50%) |
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How is West Nile dx'd? |
Viral test serum |
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Signs of rabies? |
Ataxia Loss of bladder control Cranial nerve damage |
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Average horse temp |
98.5-101.5 |
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Average horse HR |
28-48 |
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Average horse RR |
6-12 |
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Ways to restrain a horse? |
Lead rope and halter Stocks Tail tie (rare) Hold (foals) |
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Key to cattle restraint? |
Tight as you can then a little tighter |
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Ways to restrain cattle |
Rope halter Nose lead (w/ halter) Tail jacking Chutes Stocks Tilt table Casting (ropes on pressure points) |
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Sheep restraint |
Halter Sit on butt |
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Swine restraint |
Tap on head for submission Hog panel Bucket Hog snare on upper jaw |
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Horses are in estrus for ___ days |
5-7 |
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cows are in estrus every ___ days for ____ |
21 12h |
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How can you tell if a horse is pregnant? |
Rectal palpation (18-21d, def. by 28) Rectal US (10-12d) Transab. US (80d) Piss on a stick (idiot) |
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How can you tell if a cow is pregnant? |
Rectal palpation US |
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If a foal is not visible within __ minutes of pushing it is an emergency |
20 |
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3 options when dystocia is present |
Mutation/traction Fetotomy C-section |
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If the placenta is note passed within ___hr it is an emergency |
4-6 |
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What is colic? |
Abdominal pain |
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4 main causes of colic |
1. Distension of gut 2. pulling at root of mesenterary 3. ischemia or infarction 4. enteritis/ulceration |
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Signs of colic |
Up and down Rolling Kicking at abdomen Pawing Sweating Distension Pee position Straining poop Lack of appetite |
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Dx colic |
Temp / HR MM Hydration Gut/lung fields Full exam (cranial nerves, legs, body, eyes, nasogastric tube, rectal) |
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TX colic |
hand walking Banamine (NSAID) Pain meds Warm water via NG tube Laxative (mineral oil) IV fluids Sx |
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Signs sx is needed for colic |
HR > 60 PAIN after meds lots of distended bowel gastric reflux abdominocentisis w/ food, blood, cancer |
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Lameness scale |
0- normal 1 - hard to see 2 - difficult to see unless certain conditions 3 - consistent at trot 4 - obviously lame at all gaits 5 - Non weight bearing |
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Dxing lameness |
Palpate from top to bottom Nerve block top to bottom Rads Observe on diff. gaits/surfaces (- shows) |
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4 horse breeds |
Arabian Percheron Clydesdale Appaloosa |
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4 horse colors |
Bay Buckskin Black Chestnut Gray |
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4 horse gaits |
Trot Canter Gallop Walk |
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2 forms of semen used |
Fresh Frozen |
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What does an equine uterine biopsy instrument look like? |
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What is a uterine biopsy? |
Biopsy of endometrium Grade 1, 2, 3 |
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Three stages of horse labor |
1. Contractions 2. Expulsion of fetus 3. Expulsion of placenta |
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Problems w/ equine umbilical cord? |
moist red swollen painful exudate omphalophlebitis persistant urachus (remnant of bladder draining canal) hernia |
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What is meconium? |
First poop (firm, dark) Should pass in 24h |
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When does failure of passive transfer occur? |
Inadequate antibodies produced by mare Foal fails to nurse adequate colostrum |
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What levels count as failure of passive transfer? |
Partial - 200 - 400 mg/dl Total - <200mg/dl |
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What is a dummy foal |
Born normal but w/in 24 hours develop neuro signs (no desire to nurse, wander, appear blind, recumbent, seize) |
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What is the equine P1, P2, and P3? |
P1 - Long pastern P2 - Shot pastern P3 - Coffin bone |
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Where on a horse is abdominocentesis performed? |
Midline, standing in adult Lateral recumbency in foal |
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Two places to collect CSF |
Atlantooccipital (anesthesia) Lumbosacral (awake) |
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What is a BAL? |
Bronchoalveolar lavage Use endoscope and flush aspiration |
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Where is transtracheal aspiration performed? |
Middle 1/3 of cervical neck |
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What does transtracheal aspiration/BAL dx? |
Lower resp. dz |
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IV injections typically go where? IM injections? |
Jugular Lateral Cervical |
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Clinch cutter Cut clinch of shoe |
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Hammer? |
Used to remove horse shoe |
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Shoe pull-off pulls shoe off???? |
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Steps to protect lower leg |
1. Proper quilted cotton size 2. Start wraping medially, toward cranial, trying to keep even 3. Secure in middle w/ vet wrap |
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What does red urine in the snow mean? |
Can be totally normal consequence of plant diet |
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What are beans? |
Smegma hardened in the urethral fossa. |
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Where are lip tattoos located? |
The upper mucosal surface of the lip |
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How can the nasolacrimal ducts be flushed? |
Through the lacrimal puncta (eye) with a cannula/flexible catheter Through the distal puncta (nose) with catheter (esp. when unobstructed) |
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What is sinocentesis? |
Drilling a small hole through the bone into the sinus |
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What dental procedures may a tech do? |
Floating, removal of caps |
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What are wolf teeth? |
First premolars removed because they interfere with the bit |
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What are caps? |
Retained deciduous premolars |
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What may be injected IV for euthanasia? |
Barbituate overdose (large catheter to get in fast. preferred method) KCl (only if under anesthesia. cardiac arrest) Choral Hydrate (if sedated) |
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Why are anticholinergics not usually used for equines? What can they be used for |
Unwanted GI effects Saliva control/antiemetic unneeded Can be used for bradycardia |
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What is compartmental sydrome |
Blood/lymph cannot drain out. Leads to myopathy/neuropathy |
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Signs of compartment syndrome |
Unable to stand Hard muscles Dark urine |
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How to prevent compartment syndrome? |
Reduce anesthesia time Padding Keep as light as possible Stagger/elevate forelimbs Keep blood pressure up |
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Surgery for a cryptorchid involves what testicle first? |
Undescended (after kidney somewhere) |
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Emasculators ___ and ___ |
Crush & cut |
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What is caslicks surgery? |
Top of vagina sewed shut. Must be undone before foaling |
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What organism causes Potomas Horse Fever and how is it passed? |
Neorickettsia risticii Snails |
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Signs of PHF? (3) |
Fever Diarrhea Depression |
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TX for PHF (3) |
IV Oxytetracycline (antibiotic) IV fluids NSAIDs |
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Strangles is also known as |
equine distemper |
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Signs of Strangles (4) |
Fever Submandibular abcesses Bastard strangles abscesses throughout the body |
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Dx Strangles (2) |
Culture Flush abscesses w/ betadine |
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Tx Strangles (3) |
Penicillin Ceftioufur Vax? |
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Organism that causes ringworm? |
Trichopyton equinum |
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Signs of rindworm |
Round, raised grey lesions |
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TX of ringworm (3) |
Captan Miconazole Bleach |
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What organism causes EPM? How is it spread? |
Sarcocystis neurona Opossum |
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Signs of EPM (1) |
Asymmetrical muscle atrophy |
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TX of EPM (4) |
Antiprotozoal drugs NSAIDs Antitoxins Vit. E |
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What is White Line Dz? |
Bacteria/fungus/yeast makes cheesy material/air fill sole/laminae |
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Equine influenza has a (high/low) morbidity and a (high/low) mortality |
High / Low |
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Incubation period for influenza? |
48hrs |
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Signs of Influenza (2) |
High fever Anorexia |
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Signs of Rhinopneumonitis (EHV-1, EHV-4) (3) |
Resp. Abortion Neuro |
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TX/Dx for Rhinopneumonitis (2)(1) |
Supportive care Isolation (Dx post mortem) |
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Causes of choke |
Food stuck in esophagus (eating fast, bad teeth) |
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Signs of choke (2) |
Damage to esophagus Nasal d/c w/ food particles |
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TX choke (4) |
NG tube to remove Slow eating w/ rocks Teeth Wet fod |
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Signs of COPD (6) |
Coughing Flared nostrils Heave line Heavy breathing on exhale Exercise intolerance Hear whistling on exhale |
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Dx COPD (3) |
History BAL Transtracheal wash |
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TX COPD (3) |
Steroids Bronchodilators +/- Antibiotics |
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2 forms of COPD |
1. Worse in winter (eliminate hay) 2. Worse in summer (keep cool, no dust) |
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What are cutaneous papillomas? Where are they found? |
Warts Around lips of young horses |
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TX warts (2) |
Removal Vaccinate |
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What is Cushing |
hyperadrenocorticism |
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Signs of Cushing (7) |
PU/PD Curly coat won't shed Sway back Pot belly Recurrent laminitis Wt loss Loss of muscle |
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DX Cushing |
Test ACTH/glucose/cortisol/insulin |
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TX Cushing |
Cyprohepatadine (anti-histamine) Pergolide mesylate (dopamine receptor agonist) |
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What is Laminitis? |
Inflammation of laminae that holds P3 to hoof |
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Acute vs. Chronic laminitis (cause) |
Actute: grain overload, sepsis, endotoxemia, P3 rotates (founder) Chronic: insulin resistance/metabolic dz/cushing |
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TX lamenitis |
NSAID Pain med deep bedding Frog pressure Elevate heel Shoe |
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What is grease heel? |
Dermatitis verrucosa/scratches Greasy lesion TX by cleaning |
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navicular syndrome cause, pre-disposition and TX? |
No known cause Pre-dispose: hard work, small feet, too much heel trimming, upright pastern TX: special show or cut navicular nerve |
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what are splints? Signs? |
Growths on splint/cannon bone Subtle lameness |
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What is ringbone? |
Arthritis of phalanx |
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What do melanomas look like? Where are they found? |
Black massing in gray horses in mucosal areas |
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Where are sarcoids found? |
Throughout body, can be removed SX |
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Where are Sq. cell carcinomas found? |
Pink skin areas (ulcerate) |
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What can lipomas in the gut cause? |
Colic |
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What breed is susceptible to recurrent uveitis? What is another name for RU? |
Appalossas Moon Blindness |
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What is roaring? What causes it? |
Whistling/wheezing when increased RR Caused by broken trachea rings or paralysis of muscles controlling vocal cords |
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Wobbler Syndrome? |
Condition that affects spinal cord, usually compressing around the neck Begins in hind limbs and worsens Do not improve Don't breed |
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What is external coaptation? |
Bandaging |
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What is the ideal catheter? |
Shortest, smallest diameter, least reactive |
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How long are silicone catheters safe? Teflon? |
Silicone - 4wks Teflon - 7d |
