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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two discrete body fluid compartments? |
ICF and ECF |
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What are the divisions of ECF? |
intravascular (IV-ECF) extravascular/interstitial (EV-ECF) |
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What is transcellular water? |
body fluids that are still being modified e.g. glomerular filtrate, intestinal luminal fluid |
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ECF contains high concentrations of which charged particles? |
sodium chloride albumin |
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ICF contains high concentrations of which charged particles?
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potassium phosphorus |
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Body water % of fat cow/horse? IV-ECF? |
55% body water, 5% IV-ECF |
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Body water % of normal cow/horse? IV-ECF? |
60-65% body water, 6% IV-ECF |
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Body water % of thin cow/horse? IV-ECF? |
70% body water, 7% IV-ECF |
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Body water % of neonate cow/horse? IV-ECF? |
85% body water, 8% IV-ECF |
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ECF is about ____% LA body weight, but to calculate it we estimate ____%, which is more clinically accurate. |
--20% BW (actual) --30% BW (estimate) |
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Equation for ECF in adults? Neonates? |
Adults: ECF = 0.3*BWkg Neonates: ECF = 0.5*BWkg |
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Replacement fluids supply what? |
replenish fluid deficit (due to increased loss or decreased intake) |
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Maintenance fluids supply what? |
daily fluid requirement |
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Many animals have poor _____ ____ without over _____. |
poor organ perfusion overt dehydration |
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<6% dehydration, clinical signs? |
subclinical, no signs |
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6-8% dehydration, clinical signs? |
mild sunken eye 2-4s skin tent tacky MMs |
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8-10% dehydration, clinical signs? |
moderate sunken eye 6-10s skin tent tacky MMs |
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>10% dehydration, clinical signs? |
severe sunken eye >10s skin tent dry MMs |
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IV-ECF deficit in horses should also be assessed by looking at? Why? |
heart rate and CRT (look at cardio function) horses are prone to fluid shifts into interstitium |
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Clin path signs of dehydration? |
--increased PCV, Hb, and serum protein --increased BUN/Creatinine |
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What can an elevated PCV indicate in a horse? |
dehydration or splenic contraction |
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Equation for replacement fluids?
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Replacement fluids (L) = % dehydration * BWkg |
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Replacement fluids are given over ___ h. |
4h |
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Shock dose for large animals? |
up to one blood volume (5-8% BWkg), given as fast as possible (w/in 1h) |
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An anorexic large animal will quickly become deficient in which ions? |
K+ Ca++ (horses, lactating ruminants) |
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Most commonly used fluids? Traits? |
LRS, normosol polyionic, pH balanced |
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What are the two types of metabolic acidosis? |
--bicarbonate loss (secretional) --organic acid production (titrational) |
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Secretional metabolic acidosis can be caused by? |
--loss of saliva --small intestinal diarrhea |
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Titrational metabolic acidosis can be caused by? |
--lactate production --ketosis |
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Treatment of secretional metabolic acidosis? |
--replacement of bicarb with fluids |
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Treatment of titrational metabolic acidosis? |
--increase excretion/metabolism of acid --stop acid production |
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Equation for bicarb deficit? |
HCO3deficit = ((24 mEq/L - HC03meas)*ECF%*BWkg) |
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Very rapid infusion of bicarb may cause? Bicarb should be given over __-__h. |
paradoxic cerebral acidosis (if animal is hypoventilating and can't get rid of CO2) 2-4h |
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Normal bicarb level? |
24 mEq/L |
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Blood pH <____ should be corrected. |
<7.25 |
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Acetate and lactate require ____ ____ to become effective. |
hepatic processing |
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An animal with metabolic alkalosis should receive which type of fluids? |
--fluid without any base buffer, like NaCl |
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What is hypertonic saline used for? Effect lasts for? |
--moving EV-ECF into vasculature to treat shock (esp. hemorrhagic shock) --effect lasts over 20 mins |
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If pH drops in ECF, what happens? What does this cause? |
H+ is moved into cells, K+ is moved out >> hyperkalemia |
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If pH increases in ECF, what happens? What does this cause? |
H+ is moved out of cells, K+ is moved in >> hypokalemia |
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K+ is mainly found in the _______ space. |
--intracellular space |
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How much K+ can you give? When is it is safer to supplement K+? Why? |
0.5mEq/kg/h supplement K+ in maintenance phase >> safer because it is delivered more slowly |
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A 500ml bottle of 23% calcium gluconate contains how much calcium? |
10.5g Ca++ |
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What is normal Ca++ level? |
10mg/dL |
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K+ and Ca++ are both ______toxic. |
cardiotoxic |
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Calcium may cause ______ when mixed with NSAIDs, like banamine. |
--mineralization |
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Banamine may cause what when mixed with LRS? |
--mineralization |
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Average horse has blood protein level of __g/dL. |
6.5g/dL |
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Blood protein deficit equation? |
BP deficit (g)= 0.06*(1-PCV)*(4g/dL - BP)*10dl/L 0.06 is blood vol. of average horse |
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Daily water requirement for horses? Cows? Neonates? |
horses: 4-6% BW cows: 7-10% BW neonates: 10% BW |
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Daily water requirement may be increased by? |
fever, high ambient temperature, activity, lactation, humidity, work, or body fluid loss |
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Large animals require how much K+ per day? |
50 mg/kg/d (1.2 mEq/kg/d) |
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Horses require how much calcium per day? Cows? |
horses: 40 mg/kg/d cows: 30 mg/kg/d |
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Only _____ of isotonic fluids given IV remains in IV-ECF after 30 mins. |
25% |
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Each kg of milk contains ___g Ca++. |
2g Ca++ |
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Animals with acute blood loss may need a blood transfusion at _____ PCV relative to animals with chronic blood loss. What range PCV? |
--higher PCV than animals w/ chronic blood loss --PCV in high teens |
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Prior to giving a horse a blood transfusion, what should be done? |
Major and minor cross matching |
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Blood transfusion rate? |
give slowly for first 15 min (monitor for rxn) 20 ml/kg/h |
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Therapeutic blood transfusion amount? |
10-15 ml/kg of blood |
