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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mercantilism:
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controlled the terms of trade and held the vast colonial economist of Latin America in place and provided immense financial wealth to the European powers. The spanish system was more efficient/strict than the portugues.
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Captive Markets
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where the potential consumers face a severely limited amount of competitive suppliers; their only choices is to purchase what is available. Trade was strictly controlled by the Crown- the colonies were only allowed to trade with Spain→Captive markets
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Commodity markets
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: markets where raw or primary products are exchanged. Commodity export economy generated sufficient foreign exchange to permit importation of manufactured products- consumer goods (like textiles) and capital goods (transportation equipment)
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Monoculture/commodity trade- problems
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-the agriculture practice of producing or growing one single crop over a wide area. Commodity trade had not generated a broad enough increase in standard of living to create national markets for consumer goods (limited middle and upper class). There had been little or no effort towards developing industrial production after independence (elites kept up commodity trade).
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Boom-Bust cycles- causes and problems
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-boom-bust cycles of commodities led to economic instability these price fluctuations make it problematic for state planning and can cause a collapse of the economy.
-competition –new producers added to the market; Africa & Asia also produce coffee, cacao -substitution- a new substance is found or invented making a commodity obsolete. -depletion- gold & silver or other mined substances -flexibility of production- commodities do not often lend themselves to increased production to take advantage of booms- overproduction during booms leads to severe busts. |
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Banana Republics-
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in many central American states, banana plantations and banana exports figured so prominently and the foreign companies that owned them were so dominant in national politics that the term was coined to describe those states→Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama.
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Neocolonialism
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- a term used by post- colonial critics of developed countries involvement in the developing world.
-independence thrusts the new nations of Latin America into the capitalist world economy. -Great Britain replaced Spain and Portugal as dominant power but through indirect means: -loans to governments, investment in export activities, construction of basic Infrastructure (communication & transportation), trade concessions -military force always hung in the background to get the result GB desired - this type of situation is referred to as “neocolonialism |
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• Import substitution industrialization (ISI)-characteristics; factors important in its development; success and failures
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-substituting locally manufactured products for imported goods (making stuff instead of buying it)
-initially, this strategy was used for production of basic consumer goods-clothing, shoes, soap. -larger states with more advanced economies (Brazil, Mexico, Argentina) promoted the manufacturing of consumer durables- radios, TVs, refrigerators -only Brazil is able to effectively transition to production of capital goods-products used to make other products. Success: - from 1950-70 Latin Americas GDP tripled and Brazil had an annual growth rate of 8.5% - Brazil and Mexico had over 60% of Latin Americas manufacturers. -Peru and Venezuela also experiences appreciable success during this period. Failures: -protected industries had no reason to invest and innovate-fell behind in technology and production. -political interference encouraged corruption and incompetence. -Limited local markets- especially in smaller countries. Most people too poor to buy more than basics. -Early free trade agreement didn’t work- smaller countries opened their markets but received little in return. -Borrowing to pay for industrial development- lead to massive dept. -aggravated inequality in society- held down food prices to keep industrial wages low which penalized farmers. -spurred urbanization of poor- millions of peasants left the country side and added to the masses in shantytowns on the edge of cities. -income disparity not improved |
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Physical Geography
Internal & external processes- |
•External processes associated with atmospheric and oceanic circulation (precipitation, wind, waves, freezing/thawing) also shape the Earth’s surface. In various parts of Latin America, we will see that certain external processes have played an important role in shaping the landforms found there.
•While internal processes often are responsible for “building up” landforms, external processes are often responsible for “wearing down” landforms but they can also build them up as well. Both the wearing away and the building up of landforms are related to the following processes: |
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Internal & external processes-
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•Weathering—breakdown of rock—caused by sun, wind, rain, snow, ice and effects of life-forms
•Exposure fractures rocks and decomposes into tiny pieces •Erosion—wind and water carry the weathered particles away and deposit them in other places •Deposition—depositing of eroded material—creates landforms •Floodplain—flat area or plain onto which silt is deposited when the river floods •Delta—where river meets the sea, silt deposition fans out in shape of triangle (builds up over time) |
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Controls of climate-
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•Temperature is one of the two criteria used to determine climate type, and there are several factors that influence the temperature of a given place. The first is latitude. Typically, the farther away a place is from the equator the greater the temperature range is from day to night and from season to season. Vice versa, the closer a place is to the equator the smaller the temperature range. Look at the climograph of Quito on page 34 of the reading – you’ll see that there is almost no seasonal variation in temperature. It is basically the same temperature in Quito year round, because Quito is located on the equator. Compare Quito’s climograph to the one for Santiago on the next page (35). Notice that there is roughly a 15 degrees difference between Santiago’s warmest and coldest months-
2•Ocean currents and the proximity to water can also effect the temperature of the land. Cold or warm ocean currents influence the air temperature above them – warm currents make for warm, moist air, and cold currents are related to cold, dry air. |
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Orographic rainfall/rain shadow-
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picture - rain from the sea goes up moist warm air rises
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Altitudinal zonation-
Tierra Caliente – |
Zero to 3000ft; hot & humid; cold
sensitive tropical crops like sugar cane, bananas, cacao, yams |
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Environmental Lapse Rate
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3.5F per 1000ft
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Altitudinal zonation-
Tierra Templada |
3000 to 6000ft; year round mild
temperature; warm weather crops like coffee, flowers, tomatoes, cucumbers; population centers: San Jose |
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Altitudinal zonation-
Tierra Fria |
6000 to 12,000ft; very cold in upper
regions; mid-latitude crops like maize, wheat, potatoes, broccoli; major population centers: Mexico City, Bogota, Quito |
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Altitudinal zonation- Tierra Helada –
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Above 12,000ft; cold weather crops
possible in lower part (native grains, indigenous root crops) and animal herding (sheep, llamas, alpaca, vicuna, guinea pigs); sparse population except in |
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Altitudinal zonation-
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Altiplano (a high elevation plain in Bolivia)
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Peru current & El Nino-
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One current in particular, the Peru Current, profoundly effects the climate on the western coast of South America. This cold current is related to cold, dry air above and in combination with the Andes blocking moisture from the east creates the Atacama Desert in Chile – the driest desert in the world. But, this current is also economically beneficial for the Peruvian fishing industry, because it bring nutrients up from the deep ocean and creates rich fisheries off the Peruvian coast.
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El Nino-
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Every few years, however, El Nino cycles disrupt the flow of the Peru Current. An El Nino is a slight warming (a few degrees) of surface temperatures in the Pacific. When this occurs it blocks the Peru Current from reaching that far north, disrupting the fisheries and causing uncharacteristic rainfall in Peru.
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Pre-Colombian demographic estimates – problems
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As you have read in the Mann article, there has been considerable debate concerning the population of the Americas at the time of the Conquest. One of the lowest estimates being 1.15 million, today estimates generally range from 12 (very low) to over 100 (high) million. Many scholars now believe the higher estimates are more accurate. This number is important to establish in order to better understand just how remarkable the impact of the Conquest was for the demography of the Americas.
•We do know that there was a massive decline in the native population of the Americas after the arrival of Europeans – this is known as the Demographic Collapse – a collapse, because the population rapidly died off. •Mann points out in the article 1491, some of the ways in which scholars have attempted to extrapolate the population of the Americas. One very important source has been records from Spanish missions that recorded many more deaths than births – which would have been an demographic anomaly. Other evidence, as Mann goes on to discuss, are the various landscape modifications found in the region. Some landscape modifications are well known, e.g., Aztec chinampas (discussed in a few slides). Modifications by Lowland groups (see next slide) are less well known, but as Mann argues very important for extrapolating population before the arrival of Europeans. •The demographic collapse as well as the desire to see an empty land ripe for the taking are explanations f |
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Chinampas-
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They also constructed artificial islands on which to expand their agriculture – known as chinampas, these floating islands were anchored to the shallow lake bed.
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Eastern Lowland indigenous groups – characteristics-
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Small bands of hunter-gatherers
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Common characteristics among all groups
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Concept of communal property & reciprocal labor
exchanges § Residence in small agrarian settlements § Emphasis on production & collection of human food crops (not animal grazing) § Adequate food supplies § High population densities § Lack of major infectious diseases |
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Demographic collapse – reasons & effects
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The demographic collapse of American populations after the arrival of the Europeans represents the most dramatic demographic change in history, and had a number of repercussions (including the Atlantic slave trade).
•While disease is cited as the primary reason for the demographic collapse (see Mann for theories on the spread of disease), other factors are proposed as possible compounding the problem of disease. One of the most significant of these factors is the change in land use patterns that contributed to malnutrition (making people more susceptible to diseases). |
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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Treaty of Tordesillas-
The dividing line between the Spanish and Portuguese Empires, as decreed by the Pope. The resentment of this by other European countries fuels state-sanctioned piracy. |
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Viceroyalty-
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The Viceroy was a direct representative of the Crown – reporting to them and serving their interests.
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Mercantilism-
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Mercantilism was the economic system governing the Americas, and the House of Trade kept the rigid rules of mercantilism intact.
•Everything moved back to Spain, not between the colonies and not with any other nation; goods, such as gold, silver, hardwoods, etc., were shipped to Spain, taxed 20%, and then shipped back to the Americas for distribution. This system of moving wealth across the ocean, sometimes both ways, meant that some urban development in the Americas served the function of protecting these “flotas.” |
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Quinto Real-
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uinto Real (Royal Fifth) – the tax levied on behalf of the
Crown on all incoming mined metals from the colonies |
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Flotas
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Flotas – convoys of ships that sailed from the colonies (laden
with goods and precious metals) to Spain |
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Encomienda
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large feudal estates granted by the Crown
which allowed the owner (encomiendero) to demand labor from the indigenous |
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/repartimiento-
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Repartimiento (1542) – replaced the encomienda system
and changed the structure of the labor demands from individual to group services § Abuse and enslavement continued however, and the campaign to legislate protection of indigenous helped further the importation of Africans as labor in the Americas |
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Black Legend”
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Black Legend” – discourse of Spanish cruelty
amongst other European states – however, the human rights issue was not even something debated in those countries |
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Bartolome de las Casas-
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While de las Casas is often seen as a protector of the indigenous, he unfortunately proposed using Africans as labor in the Americas instead – which as we know, led to another human rights disaster – the Atlantic Slave Trade.
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Atlantic (Columbian) exchange-
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Referred to as the “Atlantic Exchange” in
Fuentes § a transference of plants, animals, peoples, diseases and wealth between the “New” and “Old” worlds – never before had there been such a massive exchange; this process completely reshaped the world |
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Criollos/Peninsulares/social structure-
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The criollos (singular: criollo) were a social class in the caste system of the overseas colonies established by Spain in the 16th century, especially inLatin America, comprising the locally born people of pure or mostly Spanish ancestry.[1]
The criollo class ranked below that of the peninsulares, the colonists born in Spain, but above the other castes — people of mixed descent, Amerindians, and enslaved Africans. According to the casta system, a criollo could legally have some Amerindian ancestry and not lose social place.[2] In the 18th century, changes in Spanish policies towards the colonies led to tensions between the criollos and the peninsulares. Criollo nationalists were among the main supporters of the Hispanic American wars of independence. The term criollo is often translated into English as Creole. However, the word "creole" is also applied to many ethnic groups around the world who have no historic connection to Spain or to any colonial system. Indeed, many of those creole peoples were never a distinct social caste, and/or were never defined by purity of descent. |
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Monroe Doctrine-
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he Monroe Doctrine was a United States policy that was introduced on December 2, 1823, which said that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed by the United States of America as acts of aggression requiring US intervention.[1]The Monroe Doctrine asserted that the Western Hemisphere was not to be further colonized by European countries, and that the United States would not interfere with existing European colonies nor in the internal concerns of European countries. The Doctrine was issued at the time when many Latin American countries were on the verge of becoming independent from Spain, and the United States, reflecting concerns echoed by Great Britain, hoped to avoid having any European power take Spain's colonies.[2] However, the immediate provocation was the Russian Ukase of 1821 asserting rights to the Northwest and forbidding non-Russian ships from approaching the coast.[3][4]
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo-
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he Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo in Spanish) is the peace treaty, largely dictated by the United States[1][2] to theinterim government of a militarily occupied Mexico, that ended the Mexican-American War (1846–1848). From the standpoint of the United States, the treaty provided for the Mexican Cession of 1.36 million km² (525,000 square miles) to the United States in exchange for US$15 million (equivalent to $313 million in 2006 dollars). From the standpoint of Mexico, the treaty included an additional 1,007,935 km² (389,166 sq mi) as Mexico had never recognized the Republic of Texas nor its annexation by the U.S., and Mexico lost 55% of its pre-war territory.[3]
The treaty also ensured safety of pre-existing property rights of Mexican citizens in the transferred territories. Despite assurances to the contrary, property rights of Mexican citizens were often not honored by the United States in accordance with modifications to and interpretations of the treaty.[4][5][6] The United States also agreed to take over $3.25 million ($68 million in 2006 dollars) in debts Mexico owed to American citizens. |
