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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Communication Types
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between cells - short and long range
electrical and chemical |
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Communication Types
-Paracrines |
-local hormones
-when released from one cell , they have effect on cell next door (diff. cell type) -endothelium lines vasculature--> relataxion of vascular smooth muscle |
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Communication Types
-neurotransmitters |
-specific for each neuron
-NTs bind as released--> short distances -released by exocytosis--> neurons, muscles, and endocrine cells -removal involves digestion (chemically destroyed), diffusion, reuptake, and recycling |
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communication types
-endocrine |
-cells derived from epitholium
-release hormones into blood--> hormones(H) go everywhere |
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communication types
-neurohormones |
-H's released from neurons
-faster release than simple endocrine H's -effect is like other hormones: depend on receptors on different cells |
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hydrophilic/hydrophobic hormones
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hydrophilic (water soluble)
-amino acids/small peptides -bind to membrane receptors---> 2nd messengers hydrophobic(not very water soluble) -bound to protein in plasma -diffuse into cells in nucleus: raise protein synthesis -many side effects |
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Second Messengers
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-produced by hydrophilic H's which bind to membrane receptors
-receptor activate enzyme produces intracellular product-2nd messenger -2nd messenger will alter cell functions |
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Second messengers
-cAMP |
-cyclic AMP
-activate kinases(add phosphate to molecules) -kinases amplify signal to activate cascade pathways. 1-10-100--> |
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Second Messengers
-cGMP |
GTP-->cGMP
activate kinases |
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Second Messengers
-IP3 |
-causes release of Ca(2+) from sarcoplasmic reticulum
-SA derived from ER |
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Nuclear Receptors
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-bind hydrophilic H's
-form interface between H's and your genes -presence of particular N. Rec. cause activation of specific genes -variations in gene activation basis for different effects and side effects |
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Calcium
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-released by IP3 from SR
-bind proteins-> alter protein activity often, raise enzyme activity -Ca(2+) gap junctions coordinate ciliary motion in oviduct/lungs -muscle contraction, exocytosis, WBC movement, phagocytosis |
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G Proteins
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-connect receptor to an enzyme
-G protein binds GTP - [whole system is active] -stay active until GTP->GDP->[not active] -timing element - vision, growth, vesicle movement |
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Neural-Endocrine Comparisons
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-neurons are rapid, precise, brief, and produce virtually no side-effects
-H's have long duration, slow, widespread effects receptor dependent -H's have side effects especially the H-phobic H's -neurohormones like other hormones-release is faster from neurons |
