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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Descent of the testes is essential for normal fertility because it can affect what
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spermatogenesis
-allows testes to be kept at lower than core body temperature |
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At what degrees below body temperature do the testes need to be maintained for spermatogensis
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2-7 degrees Celsius
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Why do the testes need to be kept below core body temperature
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because core body temperature is lethal to germ cells
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What can undescended testes lead to
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sterility
-undescended testes = cryptorchidism --leads to increased incidence of testicular cancer --15-fold increase in unilateral crytporchidism. --30-fold increase in bilateral cryptorchidism. |
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When do more undescended testes into the scrotum
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during the first 3 months after birth
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Where do the primordial testes/ovaries develop
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in the extraperitoneal fatty layer (layer 9) of the lumbar area in the posterior abdominal wall, anterior and inferior to the developing kidneys
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By the 3rd-7th month of pregnancy, how do the testes descend
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retroperitoneally from the posterior abdominal wall to the deep inguinal rings
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What does the gubernaculum testes do
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A fibromuscular band, gubernaculum testes, attaches the caudal pole of the testes and guide their descent to the future scrotum
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How do the testes begin their "descent"
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through the abdominal wall due to a combination of growth processes and hormonal influences
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What do the testes follow towards the scrotum
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the gubernaculum testis
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What is the processus vaginalis
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An evagination of the peritoneum, processus vaginalis, accompanies the testes in their descent
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What does the descent of the testes create
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creates a passageway through the abdominal wall, the inguinal canal
-The canal and its openings, the inguinal rings, eventually close during development |
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During descent, what do the testes carry with them
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their blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics
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What do the testes and accompanying vessels acquire during their descent
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they acquire coverings from the external oblique aponeuroses (external spermatic fascia), internal oblique muscles (cremaster muscle and its fascia), and transversalis fascia (internal spermatic fascia)
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What is the inguinal canal
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slit-like passageway formed during testicular descent, ~4 cm long, closed at birth
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Inguinal canal is formed by layers of which wall
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anterior abdominal wall
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Name the parts of the anterior wall, posterior wall, roof, and floor for the inguinal canal
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ant. wall = ext. obl. aponeurosis, int. obl. muscle (lateral part of canal)
-post. wall = transversalis fascia and conjoint tendon (medial third of canal) -roof = transversus abdominis and int. oblique muscles -floor = inguinal and lacunar ligaments |
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What is the deep inguinal ring
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opening in the transversalis fascia leading to the inguinal canal
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What is the superficial inguinal ring
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opening created due to a defect in the external oblique aponeurosis
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What is the superficial inguinal ring adjacent to
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pubic tubercle
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What's the posterior wall of the superficial inguinal ring
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conjoint tendon
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What exits the superficial inguinal ring
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spermatic cord or ligamentum teres uteri (round ligament of the uterus) and ilioinguinal nerve
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What is the deep inguinal ring lateral to
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inferior epigastric vessels
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What is the deep inguinal ring an entrance of
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ductus (vas) deferens, testicular artery and veins, genital branch of genitofemoral nerve, cremasteric branch of inferior epigastric artery, and artery of the ductus deferens from the inferior vesical artery
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What are the contents of the inguinal canal
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1. spermatic cord (male); round ligament of the uterus (female)
2. Ilioinguinal nerve (L1) - in both sexes); passes thru canal and exits the superficial ring; but does not enter the deep ring |
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What do the coverings of the spermatic cord consist of
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1. ext. spermatic fascia- ext. abdominal oblique a.
2. cremasteric muscle & fascia- int. abdominal oblique muscle and fascia 3. int. spermatic fascia-transversalis fascia |
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What are the contents of the spermatic cord (9 of them)
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1. ductus (vas) deferens
2. artery to ductus deferens 3. testicular artery 4. pampiniform plexus of vv. 5. lymphatic vessels 6. autonomic nerves 7. remnants of processus vaginalis 8. cremasteric artery 9. genital branch of genitofemoral nerve- motor component of “cremaster reflex” |
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What is a hernia
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protrusion of part of abdominal contents beyond the normal confines of the abdominal wall
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What are the types of abdominal hernias (excluding direct and indirect)
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inguinal
femoral umbilical spigelian epigastric lumbar incisional (iatrogenic) internal |
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What is the most common type of hernia
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inguinal
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Where is the femoral hernia
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femoral canal
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Where does the Spigelian hernia occur
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linea semilunaris, usually at the arcuate line
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Where does the lumbar hernia occur
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triangle of Petit
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How does the incisional (iatrogenic) hernia occur
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through surgery
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Where does the internal hernia occur
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peritoneal cavity
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What is a direct inguinal hernia
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-common in old men with weak abdominal muscles
-sac bulges directly thru weakened conjoint tendon -in inguinal (Hesselbach’s) triangle -in medial inguinal fossa -bulge is medial to inferior epigastric vessels -exits thru superficial ring, lateral to spermatic cord |
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What is an indirect inguinal hernia
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-most common form of inguinal hernia; more in men
-patent remnant of processus vaginalis; congenital -more common in children and young adults -passes thru the inguinal canal -covered by 3 layers of ant. wall mm. -sac enters deep ring, lateral to inf. epigastric vessels -sac bulges above and medial to pubic tubercle -exits thru superficial ring within the spermatic cord -sac often extends into the scrotum or labium majus |
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What is within the Inguinal triangle (Hesselbach's triangle)
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1. inferior epigastric vessels
2. inguinal ligament 3. rectus abdominis muscle |
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What are the contents of the peritoneal cavity
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-Liver
-Gall bladder -Stomach -Greater omentum -Transverse colon -Transverse mesocolon -Small intestines -Cecum -Ascending colon -Sigmoid colon -Urinary bladder -Lesser & Greater Sacs |
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What's another name for the lesser sac
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omental bursa
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What connects the lesser sac to the greater sac
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epiploic foramen
(also known as the omental foramen or foramen of winslow) |
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What is within the greater sac
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1. subphrenic spaces-L and R
2. hepatorenal recess 3. paracolic gutters 4. paravetebral gutters |
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Where is the Hepatorenal Recess (also known as Morrison's pouch) located
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between visceral surface of liver and right kidney
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Fluid from what recesses can drain into the hepatorenal recess
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epiploic foramen (of Winslow), subphrenic recess, and right lateral paracolic gutter open to the recess
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What is the most dependent portion of the peritoneal cavity in a supine individual
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hepatorenal recess
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What may be the site of fluid accumulation in a bedridden patient
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hepatorenal recess
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"When a supine patient sits up in bed or stands up" fluid from the paracolic gutters (Right lateral, left medial and lateral) can accumulate in which cavity
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pelvic cavity and become pelvic abscesses
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What is the parietal peritoneum
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lines internal surface of abdominal and pelvic cavitities
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What is the visceral peritoneum
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covers viscera or abdominal organs
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What are peritoneal derivatives
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- connect visceral organs to each other, to abdominal walls, and to diaphragm
- convey blood vesssels and nerves to viscera - hold abdominal organs in place |
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What are the intraperitoneal organs
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stomach
duodenum (first) jejunum/ileum v. appendix cecum transverse colon sigmoid colon liver/gall baldder spleen |
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What are the retroperitoneal organs
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duodenum (rest)
ascending colon descending colon rectum pancreas kidneys/adrenals ureters major blood vessels (aorta, IVC) |
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What are the mesentary (intestines) peritoneal derivatives
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1. mesentery-small intestines
2. transverse mesocolon 3. sigmoid mesocolon |
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What are the omentum (stomach) peritoneal derivatives
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1. greater omentum
2. lesser omentum |
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What are the peritoneal ligaments that are peritoneal derivatives
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1. ligaments around the stomach
- gastrocolic, gastrosplenic, gastrophrenic ligaments 2. ligaments of the liver - falciform, gastrohepatic, hepatoduodenal, coronary, triangular ligaments 3. ligaments around the spleen - gastrosplenic, splenonorenal, phrenicocolic |
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What are the peritoneal folds on the anterior abdominal wall
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1. Median umbilical fold
2. Medial umbilical fold 3. Lateral umbilical fold |
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What are the spaces associated with the peritoneal folds on the anterior abdominal wall
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A. Supravesical fossa (median umbilical fold)
B. Medial inguinal fossa (medial um. fold) C. Lateral inguinal fossa (lateral um. fold) |
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What is the median umbilical fold
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1. from apex of urinary bladder to umbilicus
2. contains median umbilical ligament or urachus (remnant of fetal allantois) 3. patent allantois may manifest as leakage of urine from the umbilicus |
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What is the medial umbilical fold
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1. contains medial umbilical lig. (remnant of fetal umbilical arteries)
2. umbilical aa. are derived from int. iliac aa. 3. umbilical aa. carried unoxygenated fetal blood back to the mother |
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What is the lateral umbilical fold
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1. contains inf. epigastric vessels
2. deep inguinal ring is lateral 3. inguinal triangle is medial |
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Which recesses are peritoneal folds associated with
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1. Associated with duodenal recesses (site for internal hernias)
2. Associated with cecal recesses (most common location of vermiform appendix) 3. Associated with intersigmoid recess (site for internal hernias) |
