L1 Neuro

Front 1

CNS

Back 1

central nervous system: brain + spinal cord

Front 2

PNS

Back 2

peripheral nervous system:
cranial nerves
spinal nerves
(and branches)
(includes ANS)

Front 3

ANS

Back 3

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:
part of the motor system controlling what are mostly involuntary functions (glands, smooth muscles of gut, bronchi and blood vessels and activity of heart)

Front 4

Glia

Back 4

asotrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia- supporting cells of the brain

Front 5

Neurons

Back 5

nerve cells

Front 6

Soma

Back 6

= cell body
(where the nucleous and most metabolic machinery of a neuron are located)

Front 7

Nissl Substance

Back 7

RER in neuron cell body

Front 8

Dendrites

Back 8

proceesse from neuron onto which synapses are made

Front 9

Dendritic spines

Back 9

processes off of dendrites for snyaptic connection

Front 10

Dendritic arbor

Back 10

the branching pattern of dendrites

Front 11

Axon

Back 11

neuronal process along which action potentials are propogated

Front 12

Collateral branches

Back 12

allow axons to transmit signal to different targets

Front 13

Myelin

Back 13

covering or axon that speeds conduction

Front 14

Node of Ranvier

Back 14

area of axon between myelein (where acon is not insulated)

Front 15

Electronic signalling

Back 15

passive spread of of electrical potential (voltage)

degrades with distance from site of generation

Front 16

Action potential

Back 16

propogated (regenerated) electrical potential that travels length of axon

Front 17

Saltatory conduction

Back 17

"jumping" action potential from one node of Ranvier to the next

Front 18

Synapse

Back 18

site of contact bt one neuron and the next, usually:
-axodendritic
-axosomatic
-axoaxonic

Front 19

synapses are typically...
(hint: what are they bt?)

Back 19

-axodendritic
-axosomatic
-axoaxonic

Front 20

Neurotransmitter

Back 20

chemical released from one neuron to influence the activity of another

Front 21

Reuptake

Back 21

one way of terminating action of a neurotransmitter

by taking it back into neuron

Front 22

Axon Transport

Back 22

flow of cellular material and constituents back and forth along axon

Front 23

Synaptic vesicle

Back 23

vesicle in presynaptic part of nerve terminal, released in response to axn potential

Front 24

inhibitory (signal?)

Back 24

anything that decreases the chance that a neuron with generate an action potential

Front 25

excitatory (signal?)

Back 25

anything that increases the chance that a neuron will generate an action potential

Front 26

modulatory signal

Back 26

anything that changes the likelihood of generating an action potential

Front 27

Nucleus

Back 27

collection of neurons within the CNS that have similar inputs, outputs and functions

Front 28

Ganglia

Back 28

collections of neurons outside the CNS

may be autonomic or sensory (such as dorsal root ganglia)

Front 29

Tract/Fasciculus

Back 29

collections of axons in the CNS that have similar origin, termination and fxn

Front 30

Funiculus

Back 30

the 3 areas of white matter in the spinal cord (anterior, lateral or posterior to the gray matter)

each funiculus contains several tracts

Front 31

Pathway

Back 31

a secried of tracts that convey a particular type of information through several relays in the CNS

Front 32

1st order, 2nd order

Back 32

sequence of neurons in a pathway, each neuron will have an axon that follows a different tract

Front 33

origin/termination

Back 33

term used with tracts to describe where tract strats and terminates (i.e. where cell bodies and synapses are)

Front 34

Target

Back 34

term used with tract to describe the site of termination

Front 35

Relay

Back 35

term used with pathway, site where one tract synapses on neurons that will give rise to the next tract

Front 36

Decussation

Back 36

term used with tract or pathway

describes a site of crossing to opposite side of the CNS

Front 37

commissure

Back 37

a connection between one side of the nervous system and the other

Front 38

Ipsilateral

Back 38

same side of the body or nervous system

Front 39

Contralateral

Back 39

opposite side of the body or nervous system

Front 40

Afferent

Back 40

going toward

Front 41

Efferent

Back 41

going away from

Front 42

if no point of reference is given, point of reference for afferent/efferents

Back 42

is the CNS

afferent then = sensory (toward CNS)
efferent = motor (from CNS)

Front 43

Somatotopy

Back 43

topographic respresentation of the body in the nervous system

Front 44

Axial plane

Back 44

horizontal

separates body into superior and inferior portions

Front 45

Coronoal plane

Back 45

separates body into anterior and posterior portions

Front 46

sagittal plane

Back 46

separates body into left and right portions

Front 47

toward the nose

Back 47

rostral (anterior part of brain)

Front 48

brain stem is ...... to spinal cord
(spatial relationship)

Back 48

rostral

Front 49

brain stem consists of

Back 49

medulla
pons
and midbrain

through which tracts pass from the spinal cord, containing nuclei of cranial nervs and centers for many involuntary functions

Front 50

what passes through the brain stem?

Back 50

tracts pass from the spinal cord, containing nuclei of cranial nervs and centers for many involuntary functions

Front 51

cerebellum is ..... to the brainstem
(spatial relationship)

Back 51

dorsal

Front 52

cerebellum is involved in:

Back 52

coordination
and learning of movement

Front 53

diencephalon is .... to brain stem
(spatial relationship)

Back 53

rostral

Front 54

diencephalon consists of

Back 54

hypothalamus
(dorsal) thalamus
and epithalamus

Front 55

telencephalon is ... to thalamus
(spatial relationship)

Back 55

rostral to thalamus

Front 56

telencephalon consists of:

Back 56

consists of cerebral cortex and basal ganglia (a misnomer)

Front 57

nervous system is comprised of what cell types

Back 57

neurons and glia

Front 58

glia are responsible for:

Back 58

-maintaining the internal milieu of the interstices of the brain

-producing the blood brain barrier (astrocytes)

-producing myelin (oligodendrocytes)

-phagocytic/immune fxns (microglia are parts of the monocyte/M0 system)

Front 59

components of neurons

Back 59

dendrites (with spines)
cell bodies (with normal cellular components)
axons

Front 60

neurons have resting membrane potential that is due to...

Back 60

-selective ion permeabilities
and
-ionic gradient

Front 61

neuronal membranes contain:

Back 61

ion channels

and

various receptors

Front 62

when are neuronal ion channels open?

Back 62

-some are open ALL THE TIME
-some (voltage gated) are open when there are changes in membrane potential
-some (ligand gated) are only upon when a transmitter binds to them

Front 63

voltage gated ion channels are open

Back 63

are only open when there are changes in membrane potential

Front 64

ligand gated ion channels are open

Back 64

when a transmitter is bound to them

Front 65

neurons are electricially excitable due to:

Back 65

their ion channels

these channels allow neurons to be depolarized or hyperpolarized

this electrical change spreads electronically (the change in potential diminishes further from the site of generation)

Front 66

neurons have threshold for opening...

Back 66

voltage gated ion channels

Front 67

what is responsible for generating an action potential

Back 67

voltage gated ion channels

Front 68

how are action potentials propogated?

Back 68

they are regenerated at intervals down axons all the way to their terminals

(therefore it does not change in amplitude)

Front 69

why does the amplitude of an action potential NOT change?

Back 69

it is propogated(regenerated) at intervals down axons all the way to their terminals

Front 70

how does myelin effect conduction?

Back 70

allows small axons to conduct more rapidly via "saltatory" conduction (depolarization only occurs at intervals)

Front 71

what is bidirectional axonal transport?

Back 71

the movement of cellular organelles, vesicles and various chemical constituents up and down the axon

Front 72

synapses

Back 72

sites of contact between neurons

Front 73

most synapeses are...

Back 73

chemical

Front 74

a few synapses allow direct conduction of ions via

Back 74

GAP JUNCTIONS

Front 75

at chemical synapses axon terminals contain

Back 75

synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitter

Front 76

what causes chemical neurotransmitters to be released?

Back 76

CALCIUM that enters the nerve terminal
(via voltage-gated channels when the nerve terminal is depolarized by an axn potential)

Front 77

how do neurotransmitters have an effect?

Back 77

act on receptors (may be ION CHANELS or MEMBRANE PROTEINS coupled to enzyme mechanism)

Front 78

postsynaptic receptors

Back 78

ION CHANNELS- may be open or closed by neurotransmitter axn

MEMBRANE PROTEINS coupled to ENZYME mechanisms (eg GDP coupled receptors)

Front 79

neurotransmitters may do what to the postsynaptic neuron?

Back 79

INHIBIT or EXCITE

Front 80

inhibitory neurotrasmittors

Back 80

decrease the chance that a neuron will generate an action potential

Front 81

excitatory neurotransmittors

Back 81

increase the chance for axn potential generation

Front 82

What is summation?

Back 82

combination of excitatory or inhibitory effects on a neuron

producing a net effect of either:
-reaching threshold (producing an ACTION POTENTIAL) or
-failing to reach threshold (no action potential)

Front 83

what is meant by the fact that the output of neuron is binary?

Back 83

ALL or NOTHING

either reaches threshold and produces action potential

or does NOT

Front 84

Action of a neurotransmitter is terminated by:
a)
b)
c)

Back 84

a) enzyme breakdown
b) diffusion away from the site
c) reuptake into a terminal

Front 85

nervous system is comprised of:

Back 85

PNS and CNS

Front 86

PNS is the

Back 86

SOMATIC nervous system (motor and sensory nerves)

and the

AUTONOMIC nervous system

Front 87

somatic nervous system is part of the...

Back 87

PNS

Front 88

autonomic nervous system is part of the...

Back 88

PNS

Front 89

motor nerve fibers
a) type
b) origin of axons
c) termination of axons
d) axons pass through

Back 89

a) EFFERENT fibers
b) axons begin in motor neurons of the nervous system
c) axons end synapses on msucles of the head or body
d) passing through:
-ventral nerve roots
-nerve plexi and..
-peripheral nerves

Front 90

sensory nerve fibers
a) type
b) begin
c) traverse
d) cell body location
e) continue as
f) end where

Back 90

a) AFFERENT
b) begin in periphery in receptive ending
c) traverse the peripheral or cranial nerves back toward the spinal cord
d) cell body in dorsal root ganglion
e) anotehr axon continues from neuron through the dorsal root into the posterior (dorsal part) of spinal cord

Front 91

# of spinal nerve pairs

Back 91

31

Front 92

# of cranial nerve pairs

Back 92

12

Front 93

Autonomic Nervous System

Back 93

motor system

involved in controlling visceral fxns (got or blood vessel smooth muscle, glands, edc..)

Front 94

ANS characterized by

Back 94

2-neuron pathway

PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS have
-cell bodies in the CNS and
-terminations in a ganglion by synapsing on a postganglionic neuron

POSTGANGLIONIC NERVE FIBER= axon that extends from the ganglion to the organ

Front 95

sympathetic component of ANS is aka

Back 95

THORACOLUMBAR OUTFLOW
preganglionic neurons found in teh spinal cord from T1 to L2 (w/ axons leaving the cord in those nerve roots)

Front 96

sympathetic ganglia are located..

Back 96

in a chain along the sides of the spine (??paravertebral) with connections back and forth to the spinal nerves or in front of the spine (prevertebral) situated along the aorta

Front 97

component of nervous system for fight/flight and ejaculation

Back 97

sympathetic nervous system

Front 98

parasympathetic component of ANS is aka

Back 98

craniosacral outflow

has cell bodies in the brain stem and the sacral spinal cord

Front 99

parasympathetic nervous system has cell bodies in

Back 99

has cell bodies in:
the brain stem and
the sacral spinal cord

Front 100

preganglionic parasympathetic axons leave the nervous system via

Back 100

several of the cranial nerves
(specifically: III, VII, IX and X)

Front 101

parasympathetic ganglia consist of

Back 101

4 ganglia in the head
and
Scattered tiny ganglia near or within each organ innervated

Front 102

involved in pupil and lens accommodation

Back 102

CNIII

Front 103

involved in salivary, lacrimal gland and nose

Back 103

CNVII

Front 104

involved in salivary gland

Back 104

CNIX

Front 105

involved in thoracic and most abdominal organs

Back 105

CNX

Front 106

nerves involved in parasympathetic control of pelvic organs

Back 106

S2-S4

Front 107

Parasympathetic nerve fibers basically:

Back 107

increase digestion (secretion/motility)
slow heart
involved in producing bladder contractions
erection
nasal and respiratory congestion and secretion

Front 108

CNS consists of

Back 108

brain and spinal cord

Front 109

CNS is composed of

Back 109

White matter (axons/tracts)
and collections of neurons

Front 110

within the CNS a nucleus is:

Back 110

a group fo nuerons having the same function

Front 111

the cortex

Back 111

(cerebellum and cerebral cortex) are neuronal cells spread over the surface of the brain in a thin layer

Front 112

tracts

Back 112

groups of axons that connect a group of neurons in the gray matter of one part of the brain (eg the cortex or a nucleus) with another part of the nervous system

axons can be thought of as wires and the tract can be thought of as conveying info from one part of the nervous system to another

Front 113

damage to a tract will cause

Back 113

loss of whatever fxn that tract is subserving

Front 114

beginning of a sensory tract is

Back 114

its receptor

Front 115

beginning of a motor tract is

Back 115

whatever part of the nervous system is generating the motor signal (eg: for voluntary movement that would be the motor cortex)

Front 116

tracts have an ending at...

Back 116

a synapse with another neuron (perhaps in a nucleus or the cortex)

Front 117

every group of neurons (ie every nucleus or part of the cortex) can be thought of as having:

Back 117

-afferent input from other areas of the nervous system (synapse on the neurons of the region) and

-efferent output to other parts of the nervous system (axons that leave the area as tracts projecting to other parts of the nervous system... these efferents become afferents to these other brain regions)

Front 118

a pathway consists of a series of

Back 118

tracts that convey information through the nervous system in several relays, relay sites are usually in nuclei with the anatomical substrate of the relay consisting of the synapse bt the tract and the neurons of the nucleus

Front 119

parts of the CNS

Back 119

spinal cord
medulla
pons
cerebellum
midbrain
diencephalon
telencephalon

Front 120

basic architecture of spinal cord

Back 120

-CENTRAL CANAL
-GRAY MATTER on inside (H-shaped, with dorsal and ventral horns)
-WHITE MATTER on the outside (axons making tracts and connections)

Front 121

ventral horn contains

Back 121

motor neuron cell bodies

Front 122

dorsal horn contains

Back 122

many senssory processing neurons

Front 123

lateral horn contains

Back 123

in thoracic and upper lumbar cord: preganglionic sympathetic neurons

in sacral cord: has parasympathetic neurons

Front 124

brainstem consists of:

Back 124

medulla
pons
midbrain

Front 125

cerebellum

Back 125

connected to the dorsum of the brainstem by several large bundles of white matter, called peduncles that comprise the tracts connecting to and from the cerebellum

Front 126

diencephalon

Back 126

hypothalamus
(dorsal) thalamus
epithalamus

Front 127

telencephalon

Back 127

basal ganglia
cerebral cortex
hippocampus
amygdala

Front 128

cerebral cortex

Back 128

frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes

Front 129

most important function of
SPINAL CORD:

Back 129

final site of integration of motor and autonomic output;
spinal reflexes;
initial processing of sensory signals; white matter contains:
-ascending sensory tracts from the body (mediating the transmission of sensations from body) and
-descending motor tracts (allowing control of motion)

Front 130

most important function of
medulla/pons/midbrain

Back 130

site of cranial nerve nuclei; control of CN fxns including reflexes (blinking, reflex eye mvmts, gagging); integration of involuntary fxns (blood pressure regulation, respiration vomiting, swallowing, coughing); provides pathway for tracts and pathways connecting the spinal cord to other parts of the nervous system; connections to and from the cerebellum

Front 131

most important function of
cerebellum

Back 131

processing machinery for learning and performance of skilled movements, may be involved in other forms of learning and emotional control as well.

Front 132

most important function of
hypothalamus:

Back 132

mainsite of synthesis and coordination of endocrine and autonomic functions as well as some emotional behaviors

Front 133

most important function of
(dorsal) thalamus:

Back 133

main function is as a relay nucleus for pathways that are going to the cerebral cortex

Front 134

most important function of
BASAL GANGLIA

Back 134

involved in the control of motor tone, postures and stereotypes movements as well as initiation of voluntary movements.
also contributes to emotional tones and postures

Front 135

most important function of
the HIPPOCAMUS:

Back 135

critical to recent memory

Front 136

most important function of
the AMYGDALA:

Back 136

critical to integrated emotional response and memory (e.g. fear reactions and anxiety)

Front 137

most important function of the
CEREBRAL CORTEX

Back 137

highest level of integrative function

some areas control highly specific functions and some are higher order processing (called association cortex)

Front 138

coverings of the brain:

Back 138

DURA
ARACHNOID
PIA

Front 139

DURA

Back 139

tough layer adhered to skull

Front 140

ARACHNOID

Back 140

thin watertight layer, bt dura and pia

Front 141

PIA

Back 141

intimately covering the brain

Front 142

Subdural space

Back 142

potential space between the dura and arachnoid

Front 143

Subarachnoid space

Back 143

space between the arachnoid and pia

Front 144

Major arteries of the brain run in what space?

Back 144

in the subarachnoid space
(veins cut ax it)

Front 145

Circulation of the brain

Back 145

4 major vessels
carotid arteries divide into:
-arterior cerebral arteries
-middle cererbral arteries
two vertebral arteries joint to make the
-basilar artery, which divides to the
-posterior cerebral arteries, which are connected to the internal carotid arteries by the posterior communicating arteries
-anterior communicating artery connects the two anterior cerebral arteries

Front 146

CIRCLE OF WILLIS

Back 146

anastomotic path that blood can follow to bypass blockage of any of the four major blood vessels supplying the brain

Front 147

venous dural sinuses are between

Back 147

layers of dura
bridged by veins from the brain

Front 148

main sinuses:

Back 148

superior sagittal
inferior sagittal
straight sinus
transverse sinuses
sigmoid sinuses
cavernous sinuses

Front 149

sigmoid sinuses
drain into what?

communicate with what?

Back 149

drain into internal jugular vein

communicate with transverse sinuses and cavernous sinuses

Front 150

largest vein draining the internal part of the brain

Back 150

GREAT CEREBRAL VEIN (of GALEN)

Front 151

great cerebral vein communicates with what?

Back 151

straight sinus posteriorly
inferior sagittal sinus anteriorly

Front 152

ventricular system of brain

Back 152

system of cavities inside the brain

Front 153

what makes CSF

Back 153

choroid plexus

Front 154

path of CSF

Back 154

passes from the LATERAL VENTRICLES
through the FORAMEN OF MONROE into the THIRD VENTRICLE (midline) then through the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT OF THE MIDBRAIN to the FOURTH VENTRICLE (dorsal to pons and rostral medulla) which communicates with the CENTRAL CANAL of the spinal cord and with subarachnoid space via the FORAMEN OF MAGENDI (midline) and LUSKA (laterally)

Front 155

How does the 4th VENTRICLE communicate with the central canal of the spinal cord and with subarachnoid space?

Back 155

FORAMEN OF MAGENDI (midline)
and
FORAMEN OF LUSHKA (laterally)

Front 156

How is CSF resorbed into the venous system?

Back 156

by the arachnoid granulations