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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Give a brief description of mendel's work |
Mendel worked with peas and used quantitative data to show that traitsare passed from parents to offspring in predictable ways.Each trait is controlled by a pair of genes that separate during gameteformation. Mendel published his findings (1866) offering a general modelof how traits are passed onto offspring, but his work went unnoticed.Mendel’s work was “rediscovered” around 1900 and forms the foundationof modern genetics |
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What did the discovery of the structure of DNA allow scientists to do? |
To discover the process oftranscription and translation and the genetic code. |
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What does a protein's action or location in a cell play a role in? |
Once manufactured, it plays a role inproducing a phenotype. |
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what is the largest category of proteins? |
Enzymes |
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What do mutations to a gene do? |
Mutations altering a gene may modify, alter, or even eliminate theprotein’s usual function and cause an altered phenotype |
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What do restriction enzymes do? |
restriction enzymes in bacteria cut viral DNA at specific sites. With the use of vectors, restriction enzymes have allowed the adventof recombinant DNA and cloning. |
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What have Molecular biology techniques been used for? |
the geneticmodification of crop plants to increased herbicide, insect, and viralresistance. Also the geneticmodification of animals. |
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What are transgenic animals used for? |
to synthesize therapeutic proteins. For example - Anticlotting protein from milk of transgenic goats. |
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What is genomics? |
Analyses genome sequences to study the structure,function, and evolution of genes and genomes |
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What is Proteomics? |
Identifies a set of proteins present in cells under a givenset of conditions and studies their function and interactions |
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Bioinformatics? |
develops hardware and software for processingnucleotide and protein data. |
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What is genetic testing useful for? |
If based on DNA methods has had a profound impacton the diagnosis of genetic diseases |
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Is DNA based prenatal diagnosis of “carriers” available? |
Yes, currently available formore than 100’s of inherited human disorders. |
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why do genetic studies rely on the use of model organisms? |
Model organisms for genetic study meet the following criteria:Easy to growShort life cycle, Produce many offspring, Genetic analysis straightforward |
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Are genes with similar functions in different organisms similar in structure and DNA structure? |
Yes, all life has a common origin |
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What is knowledge discovered by genetic analysis of model organisms used for? |
Can beapplied to humans, both to understand and treat human diseases. |
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Give 2 examples of model organisms widely used? |
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly), Danio rerio (zebrafish) |
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What are some common features of model organisms? |
1. Small and cheap to keep thousands of individuals 2. Diploid 3. Can mutagenesis (create mutants) 4. Can easily screen thousands of individuals for new mutantphenotypes 5. Can easily cross selected individuals to establish patterns ofgene inheritance 6. A single cross between two parents can create 1000’s progeny which can be mathematically analysed. 7. Transformation methods easy to produce transgenicorganisms - so can introduce new genes or knock genes out 8. Have development/cellular mechanisms in common withhumans (or farmed animals) or crop plants 9. Have fully DNA sequenced genome (in last 10 years) |
