L & C Final

Front 1

Conjunctive Schedules

Back 1

Two or more schedules completed simultaneously

Front 2

Adjusting Schedules

Back 2

The criteria for reinforcement changes according to performance

Front 3

Chained Schedule

Back 3

Multiple schedules must be completed in a specific and cued order

Front 4

Goal Gradient Effect

Back 4

Intensity, rate, or efficiency in responding is relatively greater for responses which occur later in a chained schedule because they are more closely associated with the reinforcer

Front 5

Backward Chaining

Back 5

The process in chained schedules that suggests beginning with the last reinforcer, because it's most closely associated with the reward

Front 6

Complex Schedules

Back 6

Those schedules requiring both shaping, and chaining

Front 7

Drive Reduction Theory

Back 7

Theory: Because secondary reinforcers exist in association with a strong, natural drive, these reinforcers may help satisfy the drive and reduce it

Front 8

Premack Principle

Back 8

Focusing on the act of a reinforcing behavior, rather than the primary stimuli, and aiming to manipulate this behavior in order to then affect the strength of the stimuli

Front 9

Response Deprivation Hypothesis

Back 9

Theory: If the opportunity to engage is decreased, then the response occurs less often than normally desired

Front 10

Behavior Bliss Point Approach

Back 10

A contingent schedule idea that the time ( leisurely reinforcement) spent, is only granted when a low probability behavior is performed

Front 11

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior

Back 11

The reinforcement of another behavior in conjunction with the extinction of another, incompatible one (switching)

Front 12

Functional Communication Training

Back 12

Replacing an unwanted behavior with a wanted behavior that also results in a desired consequence

Front 13

Extinction Burst

Back 13

Frequency and intensity of responding initiallyincreases under extinction

Front 14

Increase in Variability

Back 14

Topographical variations of the previously rewarded behavior will be exhibited under extinction

Ex: Computer freezes = We may press and hold down keys longer than needed under normal circumstances

Front 15

Emotional Behavior

Back 15

Frustration is most common emotional response to extinction but many emotions can result (anger, sadness ect.)

Front 16

Aggression

Back 16

Unique expression of emotional behavior in which the subject engages in angry outbursts of often violent behavior towards objects or individuals

Front 17

Resurgence

Back 17

The re-emergence of past behaviors which were reinforcing

Front 18

Depression

Back 18

The lack of control experienced by extinction can result in feelings of sadness and helplessness...

Front 19

Recall

Back 19

Engaging in adjunctive behavior when reinforcer is withheld during an interval may provide an opportunity to access reinforcer in a different way (With a different response/behavior)

Front 20

Escape Learning

Back 20

(1) Escaping behavior toward an aversive stimulus/condition

(2) Avoidance planning is developed towards learned behavior and stimulus

Front 21

Two Process Theory

Back 21

First: Fear of the aversive stimulus is classically conditioned

Second: Avoidance behavior is now subject to negative reinforcement - removing the aversive response to the conditioned stimulus

Front 22

Anxiety Conservation Hypothesis

Back 22

The avoidance behavior limits exposure to the CS and thereby reduces the opportunity for extinction

Front 23

One Process Theory

Back 23

Avoidance behavior is negatively reinforced by the relative difference in aversive exposure between the stimulus with/without avoidance response

Front 24

Species Specific Defense Reaction Theory

Back 24

Avoidance behaviors are fundamentally elicited responses and not operant behaviors

Front 25

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Back 25

Cognitive and behavioral symptoms of severe anxiety and avoidance

Front 26

Exposure and Response Prevention

Back 26

Exposure to the object of obsession without the opportunity to engage in a compulsive response should gradually extinguish the anxiety

Front 27

Purposeful/Contrived Punishment

Back 27

A poor method of behavioral modification because it creates no true relationship between the behavior and punishment, it's non contingent

Front 28

Response Cost

Back 28

Removal of the reinforcer for an undesirable behavior.

- (Reinforcer must be proportional to the unwanted behavior & relatable)

Front 29

Time out

Back 29

Removal of access to reinforcer

- What is denied must be more reinforcing than the access removal

Front 30

Intrinsic Punishment

Back 30

Type of punishment where the behavior itself is inherently punishing (for most people)

- Ex: Hurting someone

Front 31

Extrinsic Punishment

Back 31

Type pf punishment where it must be associated to something intrinsic

Front 32

Primary Punisher

Back 32

A aversive punishment that does not need to be learned

Front 33

Secondary Punishment

Back 33

An aversive punishment that must be associated with a primary punisher

Front 34

Generalized Punishment

Back 34

An aversive punishment that can be widely generalized to many situations

Front 35

Conditional Suppression Theory

Back 35

Theory: A targeted behavior is not weakened, but is instead suppressed when he punishment is present (no actual extinction happening)

Front 36

Avoidance Theory of Punishment

Back 36

Theory: Punishment will lead to avoidance, therefore leading to the performance of any behavior other than that being punished. Any non-punished behavior is therefore perceived as negatively reinforced

Front 37

Learned Helplessness

Back 37

Learning that an aversive stimulus is inescapable or unavoidable as a result of non-contingent punishment. This leads to a lack of predictive planning and no control or understanding/association

Front 38

Masserman's Experimental Neurosis

Back 38

The idea that unpredictable exposure to an aversive stimuli can cause erratic and extreme agitation, especially when given in the same environment

- Leads to learned helplessness and even PTSD

Front 39

Stimulus Control

Back 39

When a response is contingent on a discriminative stimulus

Front 40

Stimulus Generalization

Back 40

Stimuli which resemble the learned discriminatory stimulus may elicit the same associated response

Front 41

Discrimination Training

Back 41

Experience & trained exposure can lower generalization when training a specific stimulus purposefully

Front 42

Discriminative Stimulus for Extinction

Back 42

A stimulus that is not reinforced in discrimination training

Front 43

Multiple Schedules

Back 43

A schedule made of or 2 or more schedules where reinforcement is given at the end of each.

- They can be different lengths or orders with each on being independent but usually in a similar environment and with related stimuli

Front 44

Behavioral Contrast

Back 44

The change in response to one schedule when reinforcement of the other has increased or decreased

Front 45

Positive Contrast Effect

Back 45

Decreasing reinforcement for one schedule will increase response to another

Front 46

Negative Contrast Schedule

Back 46

Increasing reinforcement for one schedule will decrease response to another

Front 47

Error less Training

Back 47

Subject learns discriminative stimulus before another other stimuli, which minimizes the relative salience of the other, related stimuli

Front 48

Fading

Back 48

Process by which the intensity of a cue is gradually changed over many exposures

Front 49

Concurrent Schedules

Back 49

More than one type of reinforcement available for more than one type of behavior

Front 50

Matching Law

Back 50

Response is proportional to reinforcement, where calculation is based on number or reinforcers or response depending on what is more beneficial in a situation

Front 51

Changeover Delay

Back 51

When changing between reinforcement or response schedules, there's a predictable , and proportional delayu

Front 52

Undermatching

Back 52

Subject chases the richer schedule less often than predicted.

- Usually happens if the changeover delay is low

Front 53

Overmatching

Back 53

Choosing the richer stimulus more often that predicted

Front 54

Maximization Theory

Back 54

Subject may maximize the overall reinforcement obtained through matching.

- Obtaining the max amount of reinforcement under a condition

Front 55

Melioration Theory

Back 55

As the subject learns the relative worth of each schedule they will usually beginto choose the richer one

Front 56

Physical Restraint

Back 56

A physical change made to the environment influences the behavior

Ex: Flushing a cigarette down the toilet to remove physical access

Front 57

Depriving & Satiating

Back 57

Manipulated engagement in a response to influence the desirability of future engagement

Ex: Waking up 10 mins earlier to make coffee at home instead of buying more outside

- Not watching favorite show to save it for the weekend with your friend

Front 58

Doing Something Else

Back 58

Engaging in another incompatible behavior to influence engagement in controlled behavior

Ex: Taking a time out when you feel like youre losing your temper

Front 59

Self Reinforcement & Self Punishment

Back 59

Imposing a consequence contingent on the controlled response

Ex: If i study for 2 hours i can go out tonight

- If i dont study i cant go out

Front 60

External Judgement

Back 60

Creating rules that are more effective to follow when other people are watching and know about it

Front 61

Anslie-Rachlin Model of Self Control

Back 61

Strength of reinforcement increases more sharply the nearer the reward. A smaller-sooner reward will then out value a longer-later reward

Front 62

Commitment Response

Back 62

Before a stimulus becomes imminent and highly valued, prepare for it and devalue it by making it seem less appealing

Front 63

Contagious Behavior

Back 63

Behavior triggered by a behavior being emitted by another person

Front 64

Orienting

Back 64

Directing attention in the same direction as another person. They have drawn your attention to something you didn't notice before

Front 65

Threat

Back 65

Being oriented to something because someone else makes it seems as though it may be a threat

Front 66

Social

Back 66

Changing your behavior because it's social

Front 67

Stimulus Enhancement

Back 67

Behavior changes because we see someone else attending something, and our curiosity is heightened

Front 68

Vicarious Emotional Conditioning

Back 68

Emotionally relevant stimuli will help us associate faster through observation and we will either increase or decrease behavior depending

Front 69

Performance

Back 69

Modeled behavior will increase or decrease depending on reinforcements or punishments

Front 70

Imitation

Back 70

Observer performs modeled behavior as closely as possible, and does not require a reward

Front 71

Generalized imitation

Back 71

Reinforcement will result in imitation being widely displayed for other similar behaviors

Front 72

Directional Behavior

Back 72

You should do X to get Y

Front 73

Personal Rules or Self-Instruction

Back 73

Rules we establish for ourselves and choose to conform to based on generalization and experience

Front 74

Say-Do Correspondence

Back 74

How closely do actions match what you said you would do, should be clearly defined as to if you have passed or failed

Front 75

Bright Boundaries

Back 75

Creating clear boundaries between having completed or failed the say-do correspondence

Front 76

Generalized Rule Compliance

Back 76

The ways in which we adhere to certain rules we create or follow may be generalized to other behaviors

(Ex: non-compliance, being lazy, being pro or anti social)

Front 77

Vicarious Reinforcement

Back 77

We are more or less likely to perform a modeled behavior when we have observed the model experience reinforcement or punishment (Bandura)

Front 78

Receptive Ability

Back 78

The potential to understand the infinite novel combinations (hearing, reading, talking)

Front 79

Phonemic Discrimination

Back 79

A procesess by which speech sounds are used by infants to distinguish emotion in language

Front 80

Critical Period

Back 80

The time in which language is best acquired (childhood)

Front 81

Prescriptive Rules

Back 81

Grammatical rules actively taught and enforced, about what the rules should be.

Front 82

Descriptive Rules

Back 82

The way in which a language is actively formed in order to form and convey meaning

Front 83

Lingua Franca

Back 83

A language used habitually by those whose mother tongues are different to facilitate communication

Front 84

Pidgin

Back 84

A system of communication between two people who do not share the same language, in which they select words that convey a simple, universal meaning.

Front 85

Creole

Back 85

A naturally occurring transition of some pidgins into a more complex and grammatically structured language

Front 86

Symbols

Back 86

Contrived elements of language used to convey another meaning.

Front 87

Reference

Back 87

The capacity to learn that a symbol represents something else

Front 88

Syntax

Back 88

The grammatical structure with which language combines symbols. Lack of this kind of structure can limit the conveyed meaning.

Front 89

Semantics

Back 89

The meaning conveyed by symbols

Front 90

Complex Communication

Back 90

Using symbols, but no context, semantics or syntax

Front 91

Cross Fostering

Back 91

Animals raised in captive environments where sign language is encouraged for communication

Front 92

Molding

Back 92

Physically manipulating the hand of an animal (Ex: Ape) into sign languaging and associating that with an object or occurrence

Front 93

Eusocial

Back 93

Organisms that divide labor and reproduction, such as honeybees

Front 94

Convergent Evolution

Back 94

Not all traits seemingly common to different species, evolved from the same ancestor.

(Ex: Flight in birds, bats, or insects)

Front 95

Same-World Environment

Back 95

As with physical challenges, challenges which require a cognitive solution may also be shared among a wide range of species

Front 96

Comparative Cognition

Back 96

The study of how information is processed by different species

Front 97

Ultimate Cause

Back 97

A cause of Tingergens 4 questions:

- How does the trait help the individual survive?

- Is the trait found in closely related species, or species with similar environments?

Front 98

Proximate Cause

Back 98

A cause of Tinbergens 4 questions:

- What are the biological or environmental mechanisms that cause a trait to emerge?

- How does the trait develop across the lifespan of the individual?

Front 99

Anthropomorphism

Back 99

The misattribution of human qualities to animals

Front 100

Delayed Matching-to-sample

Back 100

A memory test in which a stimulus is presented, removed and the subject must choose the same one based on memory abilities.

Front 101

Directed Forgetting

Back 101

A memory test in which a signal indicates that the sample stimulus is to be forgotten-trail will be re-started without the matching trial

(Will the subject "remember to forget")

Front 102

Matching-to-Sample

Back 102

Unlike delayed MTS, the sample in this memory test remains in view, but the subject must match according to some criteria, used to test categorization (number, size, ect...)

Front 103

False Bottom Bucket Test

Back 103

A cognitive test in which animals or infants must keep track of how many items are presented

Front 104

Transitive Inference

Back 104

The ability to deduce relations between stimuli

Front 105

Self-Awareness

Back 105

A knowledge of the self as separate from others

Front 106

Mark and Mirror Task

Back 106

A subject is marked without its knowledge and is shown itself in a mirror - will they know the mark they see on the reflection is them?

Front 107

False - Belief Task

Back 107

Can the subject recognize that they know something someone else does not?

Front 108

Deception

Back 108

Concealment or provision of misinformation

Front 109

Generalization Gradient

Back 109

A graphic description of the strength of responding in the presence of a stimuli that are similar to a discriminative stimulus