L & B Final

Front 1

Syntax

Back 1

Study of phrase/sentence structure and rules governing how words are combined to form phrases/sentences

Front 2

Lexical Categories

Back 2

nouns
verbs
adjectives
adverbs
determiners
prepositions

Front 3

Thematic Role

Back 3

- Part played by specific entity in an event
- verb is important in determining thematic roles played by nouns in a sentence
- in many languages they are indicated through word order

Front 4

Surface Structure vs. Deep Structure

Back 4

Surface Structure= final sentence produced
Deep Structure = conceptual plan of where thematic roles are assigned

Ex: D: Cat scratched the dog
S: The dog was scratched by the cat

*All sentences start from underlying structure, D structure will always appear as S structure

Front 5

Syntactic Transformation

Back 5

Syntactic Rule that can move an element from one position to another
- Transforms D structure to S structure

Front 6

Obvious Mapping

Back 6

Active Sentence
The bee stung the boy.

Front 7

Non Obvious Mapping

Back 7

Passive Sentence
The boy was stung by the bee.

Front 8

Agrammatism

Back 8

- Sentence Comprehension Deficit
- Often seen with expressive agrammatism in Broca's Aphasia
- Broca's area and other perisylvian language areas are involved
- Identified through psycholinguistic testing, not clinical observation or self-report
- Theoretical significance is in testing modularity of syntactic processing
- just because you have Broca's does not mean you have agrammatism and vice versa

Front 9

Features of Agrammatism

Back 9

- Chance performance or worse in identifying agent thematic roles for reversible passives
- poor performance on syntactic structures that do not follow canonical word order
- inability to recognize grammatical function words and suffixes

Front 10

Theories of Agrammatism

Back 10

Trade-off hypothesis
Trace Deletion Hypothesis

Front 11

Examples of Offline Tasks

Back 11

- Sentence Picture Matching
(Select picture that best matches sentence)
- Acting out Sentence
(use toys or hands to act out sentence)
- grammaticality judgement
(judge whether sentence is grammatical or not)

PROBLEMS: Not a good test of automatic sentence processing, affected by working memory and strategy formulation

Front 12

Trade-Off Hypothesis

Back 12

**patients have a syntactic impairment only in tasks with high cognitive demands
- Agrammatic aphasics are sensitive to task demands
- offline tasks with high cognitive demands (ex: sentence-picture matching) = syntactic parsing impaired, heuristic strategy used to identify thematic roles
- offline tasks with low cognitive demands (ex: grammaticality judgement) = syntactic parsing intact, no heuristic strategy needed

Front 13

Sentence Picture Matching: Results

Back 13

- patients made no lexical errors (did not select pictures with lexical changes)
- patients made syntactic errors but only for reversible sentences (selected this image 50% of the time)

Front 14

Agrammatics and Sentence Comprehension (With Pragmatics)

Back 14

Agrammatic aphasics can use world knowledge to correctly interpret sentences

Front 15

Agrammatics and Sentence Comprehension (With Syntactic Parsing)

Back 15

Use syntactic cues to correctly assign thematic roles

Front 16

Heuristic Strategy

Back 16

-Shortcut to interpretation of simple sentence constructions
1) noun = subject/agent
2) noun = object/theme

Front 17

Trace Deletion Hypothesis

Back 17

**patients have a syntactic impairment involving the assignment of traces, which are missing from their syntactic representations
- Agrammatic Aphasics have impairment in syntactic knowledge
- Deficit is not modulate by task demands
- Aphasics know how to assign thematic roles to NPs when NPs have not moved (when they are moved, interpretation depends on traces)
- Aphasics syntactic representations do not have traces
- they apply an agent-first heuristic strategy to moved constituents (when subject moves it works, when object moves there are 2 agents so patients guesses)

Front 18

Cross-modal lexical priming (CMLP)

Back 18

There are certain places in the sentences that we would expect priming, and at late stages in the sentence we would not expect it to be because of previous info that was given, because that was too far away

Front 19

Trace Reactivation

Back 19

-Control subjects were primed at trace but not pretrace
- Agrammatic Broca's aphasics have no priming, difficulty processing traces

Front 20

Early Left anterior negativity (ELAN)

Back 20

~100-300 ms
- elicited with violations of category expectations
- earliest thing we have in seeing violation in sentence categorization (this time is when initial syntactic structure is formed)
**this is disrupted in Broca's Aphasics!

Front 21

Left anterior negativity (LAN)

Back 21

~300-500 ms
- elicited with syntactic agreement violations and grammatical sentences with long-distance dependencies
- LAN measures all the specific aspects of language
- No LAN is elicited by number or gender violations between antecedent and reflexive pronoun
- other languages have better LAN component because you MUST mark gender or case

Front 22

P600

Back 22

~500-800 ms
- elicited with subject-verb agreement violations, verb inflection violations, case inflection violations, phrase structure violations, syntactically ambiguous/garden path sentences
- sustained in incorrect sentences
- p600 is preserved in Broca's Aphasics

Front 23

Discourse Comprehension

Back 23

- requires construction of a mental "model" that reflects understanding of the situation described in the discourse
- model is updated as new info becomes available
- requires micro- and macro-structure
-

Front 24

Discourse Macrostructure

Back 24

RIGHT
- using thematic and topical knowledge to organize sentences into unified whole
- Right Hemisphere Damage patients unaffected by presence or absence of theme, Left and Control were affected (worse when no theme)
- Right damage patients are much less accurate when theme is given late

Front 25

Inferences

Back 25

Information that is assumed and incorporated in text even if not explicitly stated
** right hemisphere damage prevents activation of semantic information necessary to generate coherence inferences
** less accurate in judging T/F inference statements
** difficulty suppressing initial inference and cannot alternate or revise inferences

Front 26

Coherent Inferences

Back 26

- fill in missing information to resolve later contradiction between early and later information
- drawn automatically

Front 27

Predictive Inferences

Back 27

- predicts future consequence of story events
- help elaborate the story

Front 28

Humor Comprehension Stages

Back 28

- inferences
- incongruity detection
- incongruity resolution

Front 29

Right Hemisphere Damage patients are _______ accurate in selecting joke completions than controls

Back 29

less

Front 30

Right Hemisphere Damage patients select _______ endings most often in their jokes.

Back 30

Slapstick

Front 31

In metaphoric responses, Right Hemisphere Damaged patients chose _____ responses just as often as metaphoric responses.

Back 31

Literal

Front 32

There is more Right Brain activation at the ____ of a story.

Back 32

End
the patient must form a coherent representation of the whole story and therefore activate the right brain

Front 33

_______ shows more activation for untitled passages

Back 33

RH middle temporal sulcus

Front 34

_______ shows more activation for titled passages

Back 34

LH middle temporal sulcus

Front 35

___ is sensitive to inferences earlier than ____

Back 35

Right hemisphere
Left hemisphere

Front 36

______ is important for activation and integration of inference-related meaning

Back 36

Superior Temporal Gyrus

Front 37

Over _____ percent of the world is bilingual

Back 37

50

Front 38

In critical period hypothesis, L1 is acquired ______ while L2 is acquired ______.

Back 38

Implicitly, explicitly

Front 39

Convergence Theory

Back 39

Early stages of L2 acquisition may recruit more brain areas, but when L2 reaches proficiency then the areas overlap

Front 40

Linguistic Components of ASL

Back 40

- handshape
- movement
- location
- palm orientation

Front 41

Common between sign and spoken language

Back 41

Left Hemisphere is specialized for processing linguistic information

Front 42

Distinct between sign and spoken languages

Back 42

spoken more dependent on left, sign more dependent on right hemisphere (visual-spatial processing)

Front 43

____ hemisphere damage signers are significantly impaired

Back 43

Left
(make way more paraphrases, and are less accurate)

Front 44

Sign Language Comprehension involves the _____ (area in brain)

Back 44

left posterior temporal lobe (Wernicke's area)