Kuntzman/tortora A&p Ch.15 Nervous Tissue

Front 1

The _____ system along with the _____ system regulates homeostasis?

Back 1

– Nervous
– Endocrine

Front 2

The nervous system is responsible for _____, memories, and _____?

Back 2

– Behavior
– Movements

Front 3

Branch of science that deals with functions and disorders of the nervous system?

Back 3

Neurology

Front 4

With organization of the nervous system, what are the 2 major divisions?

Back 4

– Central Nervous System (CNS)
– Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Front 5

With organization of the nervous system, what system is the brain and spinal cord?

Back 5

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Front 6

With organization of the nervous system, what system is the cranial and spinal nerves that connect CNS to muscles, glands, and sensory receptors?

Back 6

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Front 7

What are the PNS structures?

Back 7

– Nerves
– Ganglia
– Sensory Receptors

Front 8

With the nervous system structures this is bundles of axons located in the PNS?

Back 8

Nerves

Front 9

With the nervous system structures, what are the 2 types of nerves?

Back 9

– Cranial
– Spinal

Front 10

Which type of nerve emerge from the brain?

Back 10

Cranial

Front 11

Which type of nerve emerge from the spinal cord?

Back 11

Spinal

Front 12

With the PNS structures this is collections of neuron cell bodies located in the PNS?

Back 12

Ganglia

Front 13

With the PNS structures, this monitors changes in the internal and external environment?

Back 13

Sensory Receptors

Front 14

What are the nervous system functions?

Back 14

– Sensory Function
– Integrative Function
– Motor Function

Front 15

With nervous system functions, what detects internal and external stimuli by receptors?

Back 15

Sensory Function

Front 16

With the sensory function of the nervous system functions, this is where neurons (nerve cells) carry information into CNS from effectors?

Back 16

Sensory (afferent)

Front 17

With nervous system functions, this function processes sensory information; perception (awareness)?

Back 17

Integrative Function

Front 18

With nervous system functions, this function responds to stimuli by initiating action?

Back 18

Motor Functions

Front 19

With motor function of the nervous system functions, this is where neurons carry information from the CNS to effectors?

Back 19

Motor (efferent)

Front 20

3 PNS subdivisions?

Back 20

– Somatic (voluntary) Nervous System (SNS)
– Autonomic (involuntary) Nervous System (ANS)
– Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

Front 21

Which PNS subdivision has sensory neurons from skeletal muscle to CNS?

Back 21

Somatic (voluntary) Nervous System (SNS)

Front 22

Which PNS subdivision has motor neurons to skeletal muscle from CNS?

Back 22

Somatic (voluntary) Nervous System (SNS)

Front 23

Which PNS subdivision has sensory neurons from smooth, cardiac muscle, and glands to CNS?

Back 23

Autonomic (involuntary) Nervous System

Front 24

Which PNS subdivision has motor neurons to smooth, cardiac muscle, and glands from CNS?

Back 24

Autonomic (involuntary) Nervous System

Front 25

With motor under ANS, which division is fight or flight?

Back 25

Sympathetic

Front 26

With motor under ANS which division is rest – and – digest?

Back 26

Parasympathetic

Front 27

Which PNS subdivision controls the digestive system?

Back 27

Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

Front 28

Effects of massage on nervous tissue enhance the development and growth of _____ _____, especially in _____ children?

Back 28

– Nervous Tissue
– Newborn

Front 29

Effects of massage on nervous tissue reduces emotional stress and quiets _____ division?

Back 29

Sympathetic

Front 30

Effects of massage on nervous tissue increase production of _____ that facilitates homeostasis?

Back 30

Neurotransmitters

Front 31

Functional units of nervous system?

Back 31

Neurons

Front 32

Neurons produce _____ _____?

Back 32

Nerve Impulses (action potentials)

Front 33

Neurons have 3 parts?

Back 33

– Cell Body
– Dendrites (cell process)
– Axon (cell process)

Front 34

Which part of a neuron is the brain of the neuron?

Back 34

Cell Body

Front 35

Which part of a neuron has nucleus and organelles?

Back 35

Cell Body

Front 36

Which part of a neuron has nissl bodies; rough ER?

Back 36

Cell Body

Front 37

With the 3 parts of a neuron, which of the 2 types of cell processes is the input (receiving) portion?

Back 37

Dendrites

Front 38

With the 3 parts of a neuron, which of the 2 types of cell processes is the output portion that conduct (propagate) nerve impulses?

Back 38

Axons

Front 39

2 types of axonal transport?

Back 39

– Slow Axonal Flow
– Fast Axonal Flow

Front 40

Which of the 2 types of axonal transport is movement of materials in one direction, from cell body toward axon terminals?

Back 40

Slow Axonal Flow

Front 41

Which of the 2 types of axonal transport, transports materials both directions, to and from cell body?

Back 41

Fast Axonal Flow

Front 42

With myelination this is a multilayered covering that insulates axon and increases conduction speed of nerve impulses?

Back 42

Myelin Sheath

Front 43

With myelination, what are the 2 types of neuroglia that produce myelin sheath?

Back 43

–Schwann Cells (PNS)
– Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

Front 44

With myelination this is the myelin sheath gaps?

Back 44

Nodes of Ranvier

Front 45

MS is a _____ disease that result in _____ destruction of myelin sheaths of neurons in CNS, and _____–_____ conduction of nerve impulses?

Back 45

– Autoimmune
– Progressive
– Short-Circuits

Front 46

1st symptoms of MS include feelings of _____ or _____ _____?

Back 46

– Heaviness
– Muscle Weakness

Front 47

Smaller and more numerous than neurons, and do not generate or conduct nerve impulses, and can divide, are what?

Back 47

Neuroglia

Front 48

With neuroglia, these are brain tumors derived from neuroglia cells?

Back 48

Gliomas

Front 49

Neuroglia has 6 types?

Back 49

–Schwann Cells
– Satellite Cells
– Astrocytes
– Microglia
– Oligodendrocytes
– Ependymal Cells

Front 50

With neuroglia, the PNS has 2 types?

Back 50

–Schwann Cells
– Satellite Cells

Front 51

With the PNS which type of neuroglia produce myelin sheath around axon of PNS?

Back 51

Schwann Cells

Front 52

With the PNS which type of neuroglia is supportive cells?

Back 52

Schwann Cells

Front 53

The central nervous system (CNS) has for types of neuroglia?

Back 53

– Astrocytes
– Microglia
– Oligodendrocytes
– Ependymal Cells

Front 54

With CNS which type of neuroglia form blood brain barrier?

Back 54

Astrocytes (BBB)

Front 55

With CNS which type of neuroglia is phagocytic cells?

Back 55

Microglia

Front 56

With CNS which type of neuroglia produce myelin sheath around axon of CNS?

Back 56

Oligodendrocytes

Front 57

With CNS which type of neuroglia form cerebral spinal fluid?

Back 57

Ependymal Cells

Front 58

Neurons are electrically excitable due to _____ _____ (gradient) across plasma membrane?

Back 58

Charge Difference

Front 59

2 types of electrical signals in neurons?

Back 59

– Graded Potentials
– Action Potentials (nerve impulses)

Front 60

With electrical signals in neurons, which type are used for short – distance communication that form of action potentials?

Back 60

Graded Potentials

Front 61

With electrical signals in neurons, which type permit long – distance communication to effectors?

Back 61

Action Potentials (nerve impulses)

Front 62

4 types of ion channels?

Back 62

– Leakage (non-gated) Channels
– Ligand – Gated Channels
– Voltage – Gated Channels
– Mechanically Gated Ion Channels

Front 63

With resting membrane potential (RMP), this is the internal charge difference between ICF of neuron compared to ECF?

Back 63

Membrane Potential (MP)

Front 64

With resting membrane potential (RMP) you have more _____ ions on the inside of cell membrane and more _____ ions on the outside?

Back 64

– Negative
– Positive

Front 65

Internal charge difference at rest is?

Back 65

-70 mV

Front 66

A cell with charge difference is _____?

Back 66

Polarized

Front 67

Ion communications _____ inside and out?

Back 67

Differ

Front 68

ECF (interstitial fluid) has higher _____ (_____) ions?

Back 68

Na+ (sodium)

Front 69

ICF (cytosol) has higher _____ (_____) ions?

Back 69

K+ (potassium)

Front 70

Small changes in RMP (-70 mV)?

Back 70

Grade Potential

Front 71

RMP becomes more negative than -70 mV (inhibitory effect)?

Back 71

Hyperpolarization

Front 72

Membrane potential becomes more positive than -70 mV (excitatory effect)?

Back 72

Depolarization

Front 73

RMP restored to -70 mV?

Back 73

Repolarization

Front 74

Graded potentials are graded and vary in size depending on _____ of stimulus?

Back 74

Strength

Front 75

Graded potential form _____ _____ (nerve impulses) at _____?

Back 75

– Action Potential
– Threshold

Front 76

Sequence of rapidly occurring events?

Back 76

Action Potential (AP)/Nerve Impulse

Front 77

The 2 phases of action potential (AP)/nerve impulse?

Back 77

– Depolarization
– Repolarization

Front 78

RMP become more positive?

Back 78

Depolarization

Front 79

RMP restored to -70 mV?

Back 79

Repolarization

Front 80

With AP/nerve impulse the 2 phases, depolarization and repolarization open _____and _____ channels?

Back 80

– Na+
– K +

Front 81

With the all – or – none principal, if the membrane potential reaches threshold (_____), an action potential is produced and dominoes _____?

Back 81

– -55 mV
– Topple

Front 82

With depolarizing and repolarizing phases, excitation is what?

Back 82

Depolarization

Front 83

Depolarization has _____ change in membrane potential, where Na+ channels open causing Na+ to flow _____ cells?

Back 83

– Positive
– Into

Front 84

With depolarization, if membrane potential reaches the _____(_____) an action potential is produced where the _____ _____?

Back 84

– Threshold (-55 mV)
– Domino Topples

Front 85

With depolarization, membrane potential (MP) continues to become more_____?

Back 85

Positive

Front 86

With depolarizing and repolarizing phases, recovery is what?

Back 86

Repolarization

Front 87

With repolarization (recovery), membrane potential reverses to _____ charge and K+ channels open causing K+ to flow _____ of cells restoring membrane potential to _____(_____) where domino stands?

Back 87

– Negative
– Out
– -70 mV (RMP)

Front 88

Repolarization has _____ feedback processes?

Back 88

Positive

Front 89

With refractory period, _____ _____ is where a neuron cannot generate another action potential?

Back 89

Delay Time

Front 90

2 types of refractory period?

Back 90

– Absolute Refractory Period
– Relative Refractory Period

Front 91

With refractory period, which type is where a 2nd AP cannot be produced, the domino is on its side?

Back 91

Absolute Refractory Period

Front 92

With refractory period, which type is where a 2nd AP can be produced, the domino is partially upright?

Back 92

Relative Refractory Period

Front 93

With continuous and saltatory conduction, which type has unmyelinated neurons?

Back 93

Continuous Conduction

Front 94

With continuous and saltatory conduction, which type has step by step toppling or dominoes at adjacent segment of axon?

Back 94

Continuous Conduction

Front 95

With continuous and saltatory conduction, which type has slower conduction velocity?

Back 95

Continuous Conduction

Front 96

With continuous and saltatory conduction, which type has myelinated neurons?

Back 96

Saltatory Conduction

Front 97

With continuous and saltatory conduction, which type is where dominoes topple only at the nodes of ranvier?

Back 97

Saltatory Conduction

Front 98

With continuous and saltatory conduction, which type has faster conduction velocity?

Back 98

Saltatory Conduction

Front 99

Factors that affect conduction velocity?

Back 99

– Axon Diameter
– Presents Or Absence of Myelin Sheath
– Temperature
– Larger Diameter Myelinated Neurons

Front 100

With factors that affect conduction velocity, ice _____ velocity of nerve impulses, reducing pain?

Back 100

Decreases

Front 101

With factors that affect conduction velocity, larger diameter myelinated neurons conduct impulses faster when _____ is applied?

Back 101

Heat

Front 102

Does stimulus strength affect conduction velocity?

Back 102

No

Front 103

What are the 3 neuron types that affect neuron diameter?

Back 103

– A Neurons
– B Neurons
– C Neurons

Front 104

With neuron diameter, which type of neuron has the largest diameter axons?

Back 104

A Neurons

Front 105

With neuron diameter, which type of neuron has myelinated neurons that conduct impulses to skeletal muscles fastest?

Back 105

A Neurons

Front 106

With neuron diameter, which type of neuron has intermediate diameter axons?

Back 106

B Neurons

Front 107

With neuron diameter, which type of neuron has the smallest diameter axons?

Back 107

C Neurons

Front 108

With neuron diameter, which type of neuron has unmyelinated neurons that conduct pain impulses slowest?

Back 108

C Neurons

Front 109

2 types of signal transmission at synapses?

Back 109

– Electrical Synapse
– Chemical Synapse

Front 110

Which type of synapse is where nerve impulses are relayed by gap junctions?

Back 110

Electrical Synapse

Front 111

Which type of synapse is faster?

Back 111

Electrical Synapse

Front 112

Which type of synapse is where nerve impulses are relayed by neurotransmitters and is triggered by Ca+ release?

Back 112

Chemical Synapse

Front 113

With chemical synapse, _____ neuron sends message?

Back 113

Presynaptic

Front 114

With chemical synapse, _____ neuron receives message?

Back 114

Postsynaptic

Front 115

Neurotransmitters are _____ or _____?

Back 115

– Excitatory
– Inhibitory

Front 116

Which type of neurotransmitters open Na+ channels and flows in?

Back 116

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSP's)

Front 117

Which type of neurotransmitters is where postsynaptic cell becomes more positively charged (depolarized) and more likely to reach threshold?

Back 117

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSPs)

Front 118

Which type of neurotransmitter opens K+ channels and flows out?

Back 118

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSPs)

Front 119

Which type of neurotransmitter is where postsynaptic cell becomes more negatively charged (hyperpolarized) and is less likely to reach threshold?

Back 119

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSPs)

Front 120

With neurotransmitters you have 3 possible responses?

Back 120

– 1 EPSP Occurs
– Nerve Impulse (action potential) Is Produced
– 1 IPSP Occurs

Front 121

Which of the 3 possible responses is where membrane potential (internal charge) becomes more positive (depolarized) but less than threshold (-55 mV)?

Back 121

1 EPSP Occurs

Front 122

Which of the 3 possible responses has several EPSPs that cause membrane potential to reach threshold (-55 mV)?

Back 122

Nerve Impulse (action potential) Is Produced

Front 123

Which of the 3 possible responses is where membrane potential becomes more negative (hyperpolarized) than RMP (-70 mV)?

Back 123

1 IPSP Occurs

Front 124

Steps in the removal of neurotransmitters?

Back 124

– Diffusion
– Enzymatic Degradation
– Uptake by Neurons Or Glia Cells

Front 125

Prozac is a selective _____ reuptake inhibitor, commonly used to treat depression?

Back 125

Serotonin

Front 126

Neurotransmitter effects can be _____?

Back 126

Modified

Front 127

With neurotransmitter effects, synthesis and release can be _____ or _____?

Back 127

– Blocked
– Enhanced

Front 128

With neurotransmitter effects, the _____ enhances neurotransmitter actions?

Back 128

Agonist

Front 129

With neurotransmitter effects, the _____ block neurotransmitter actions?

Back 129

Antagonists

Front 130

Amino acids?

Back 130

–Glutamate
– GABA

Front 131

With amino acids, what has powerful excitatory effects for many brain synapses?

Back 131

Glutamate

Front 132

With amino acids, what has inhibitory neurotransmitters for brain synapses?

Back 132

GABA

Front 133

_____ used for anxiety is a GABA agonist enhances inhibitory (calming) effect?

Back 133

Valium

Front 134

Capability of neuronal change by sprouting of new dendrites and synaptic contacts with other neurons is what?

Back 134

Plasticity Maintained throughout Life

Front 135

With repair within PNS, axon and dendrites may be repaired if?

Back 135

– Neuron Cell Body Remains Intact
–Schwann Cells Remain Active and Form a Tube
– Scar Tissue Does Not Form to Rapidly