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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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External Impact 1 The て-form of verbs is also used as an expression of orders and requests. Ex. (You) get up quickly. → Get up quickly. |
～て and ～てください (polite form) Ex. 早く起きる。 → 早く起きて。 |
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External Impact 1 The ない-form of verbs + で is sometimes used as an expression of prohibition. Ex. (You) will be late. (You) linger. → (You) will be late, so don't linger. |
～ないで and ～ないでください (polite form) Ex. 遅刻する。ぐずぐずする。 → 遅刻するから、ぐずぐずしないで。 遅刻 = ちこく |
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External Impact 1 The て-form of verbs + ね becomes a gentle order or request. (Used mainly in conversation) Ex. There is not much time. (You) hurry. → There is not much time, so please hurry. |
～てね / ～てよ Ex. あまり時間がない。急ぐ。 → あまり時間がないから、急いでね。 急ぐ = いそぐ |
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External Impact 1 The ない-form of verbs + で + ね becomes a gentle expression of prohibition. (Used mainly in conversation) Ex. (I) hate pickled plums. (You) put (them) in (my) boxed lunch. → (I) hate pickled plums, so please don't put (them) in (my) boxed lunch. |
～ないでね / ないでよ Ex. うめぼしは嫌いだ。お弁当に入れる。 → うめぼしは嫌いだから、お弁当に入れないでね。 嫌い = きらい お弁当 = おべんとう |
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External Impact 1 The て-form of verbs + よ sometimes softens the tone of order expressions. (Used mainly in conversation) Ex. For (the sake of) (your) body (you) stop smoking. → For (the sake of) (your) body, stop smoking. |
～てよ Ex. 体のためにたばこをやめる。 →体のためにたばこをやめてよ。 体 = からだ |
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External Impact 1 The ない-form + で + よ sometimes softens the tone of prohibition expressions. (Used mainly in conversation) Ex. (You) forget (your) boxed lunch. → Don't forget (your) boxed lunch. |
～ないでよ Ex. お弁当を忘れる。 → お弁当を忘れないでよ。
お弁当 = おべんとう 忘れる = わすれる |
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External Impact 2 is it ok to~ Ex. (I) ask how to make hamburgers. → Is it OK to ask how to make hamburgers? |
～てもいい -Is sometimes used to ask permission of the other person. -Is the shortened form of "～てもいいですか." Ex. ハンバーグの作り方を聞く。 → ハンバーグの作り方を聞いてもいい。 |
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External Impact 2 it is no problem to~ Ex. (I) want to put garlic in. (I) put (it) in. → If (you) want to put garlic in, it is no problem to put (it) in. |
～てもかまわない -Expresses the meaning of "it is permissible to do something." Ex. にんにくを入れたい。入れる。 → にんにくを入れたいなら、入れてもかまわない。 |
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External Impact 2 (you) don't have to~ Ex. (You) put ketchup on (them). → (You) don't have to put ketchup on (them). |
～なくてもかまわない -Expresses the meaning of "it is allowable/OK not to do something." Ex. ケチャップをかける。 → ケチャップをかけなくてもかまわない。 |
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External Impact 2 two or more verbs or adjectives in a series Ex. She is clever. (She) also has a good personality. → She is clever and also has a good personality. |
～し -Can be used to connect two or more verbs or adjectives in a series. -Dictionary form or ない-form of verbs or adjectives + し Ex. 彼女は頭もいい。性格もいい。 → 彼女は頭もいいし、性格もいい。 性格 = せいかく |
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External Impact 3 Causative form of Group II verbs Ex. make (someone) eat Ex. (results of the experiment; think) →(She) makes (them) think about the results of the experiment. |
The causative form of Group II verbs -Change the "る" of the dictionary form to "させる." Ex. 食べる → 食べさせる Ex (実験結果、考える) → 実験結果を考えさせる。 実験 = じっけん 結果 = けっか 考える = かんがえる |
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External Impact 3 Causative form of irregular verb する: make (s.o.) do (s.t.) Ex. (gas; be generated) → (They) generate gas. (They cause the generation of gas.) |
The causative form of irregular verb する: する → させる Ex. (気体、発生する) → 気体を発生させる。 気体 = きたい 発生 = はっせい |
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External Impact 3 Causative form of irregular verb 来る: make (s.o.) come Ex. luggage; come to get → (I) make (him) come to get the luggage. |
The causative form of irregular verb 来る: 来る (くる) → 来させる (こさせる) Ex. (荷物、取りに来る) → 荷物を取りに来させる。 荷物 = にもつ 取る = とる |
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External Impact 3 Negative causative form of verbs Ex. (teacher; students; begin the experiment) → The teacher doesn't let the students begin the experiment. |
The negative causative form of verbs -Change the "る" of the causative form to "ない." Ex. (先生、生徒、実験を始める) → 先生は生徒に実験を始めさせない。 生徒 = せいと 実験 = じっけん 始める = はじめる |
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External Impact 3 Past-tense causative form of verbs Ex. The students collect the gas that had been generated. (The teacher) → The teacher made the students collect the gas that had been generated. |
The past-tense causative form of verbs -Change the "る" of the causative form to "た." Ex. 生徒は発生した気体を集める。(先生) → 先生は生徒に発生した気体を集めさせた。 生徒 = せいと 発生 = はっせい 気体 = きたい 集める = あつめる |
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External Impact 3 Causative form of verbs (formal) Ex. The Japanese teacher made the (university) students answer in Japanese. |
The causative form of verbs (formal) -Change the "る" of the causative form to "ます." Ex. 日本語の先生は学生に日本語で答えさせました。 学生 = がくせい 答える = こたえる |
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External Impact 4: make (s.o.) do (s.t.) Causative form of Group 1 verbs Ex. (my son, room, go) → (I) make my son go to (his) room. |
Causative form of Group 1 verbs -The causative form of Group 1 verbs attaches " せる " to the stem of the ” ない-form. " Ex. (息子、部屋、行く) → 息子を部屋に行かせる。 息子 = むすこ 部屋 = へや |
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External Impact 4: don't let (s.o.) do (s.t.) Negative causative form of Group 1 verbs Ex. (my son, room, go) → (I) don't let my son go to (his) room. |
Negative causative form of Group 1 verbs -Change the 'る' of the causative form to 'ない.' Ex. (息子、部屋、行く) → 息子を部屋に行かせない。 息子 = むすこ 部屋 = へや |
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External Impact 4: intend to do (s.t.) Ex. (baby, milk, give) → (I) intend to give the baby (some) milk. |
Dictionary form of a verb + つもりだ -Expresses an intention or plan that was made previously. Ex. (赤ちゃん、ミルク、あげる) → 赤ちゃんにミルクをあげるつもりだ。 |
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External Impact 4: intend to make (s.o.) do (s.t.) Ex. (child, book, make read) → (I) intend to make (my) child read (the) book. |
Causative form of a verb + つもりだ -Expresses an intention or plan that was made previously. Ex. (子供、本、読ませる) → 子供に本を読ませるつもりだ。 子供 = こども 読む = よむ |
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External Impact 4: try to make (someone) do Ex. (baby, milk, make drink) → (I) try to make the baby drink (some) milk. |
～(よ)うとする Change the 'る' of the causative form of a verb to '(よ)うとする' Ex. (赤ちゃん、ミルク、飲む) → 赤ちゃんにミルクを飲ませようとする。 |
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Impact from an External Source 1: The passive form of irregular verb "する" Ex. (the light bulb, Edison, invent) → The light bulb was invented by Edison. |
される The passive form of irregular verbs "する" is made by changing "する" to "される." Ex. (電球、エジソン、発明する) → 電球はエジソンによって発明された。 電球 = でんきゅう 発明 = はつめい |
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Impact from an External Source 1: The passive form of Group II verbs Ex. (Edison, friends, tease) → Edison is teased by (his) friends. |
～られる The passive form of Group II verbs is made by changing "る" to "られる." Ex. (エジソン、友達、いじめる) → エジソンは友達にいじめられる。 |
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Impact from an External Source 1: The passive form of Group II verbs (past tense) Ex. (My) younger sister is praised by my mother. →(My) younger sister was praised by my mother. |
～られた The past tense form of "られる" is られた." Ex. 妹は母にほめられる。 → 妹は母にほめられた。 |
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Impact from an External Source 1: The passive form of Group II verbs (formal) Ex. (Edison's) mother developed Edison's talent. → Edison's talent was developed by (his) mother. |
It will be ~ The polite form of "られる" is "られます." Ex. 母がエジソンの才能を育てた。 → エジソンの才能は母によって育てられた。 才能 = さいのう 育てる = そだてる |
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Impact from an External Source 1: The passive form of Group II verbs (negative) Ex. Edison was appreciated by (his) teachers. → Edison was not appreciated by (his) teachers. |
～られない The negative form of "られる" is "られない." Ex. エジソンは先生に認められた。 → エジソンは先生に認められなかった。 認める = みとめる |
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Impact from an External Source 2: The passive form of Group I verbs Ex. (Japan, Olympics, hold) → The Olympics are held in Japan. |
V is (a -form) + is The passive form of Group I verbs is made my adding "れる" to the stem of the 'ない-form.' Ex. Japan, the Olympic Games, open → Olympic is opened in Japan. Open = Open It is opened is opened = |
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Impact from an External Source 2: The passive form of Group I verbs (past tense) Ex. Children throughout Japan sang the Olympic song. → The Olympic song was sung by children throughout Japan. |
V (Oh -form) + a The past tense passive form of Group I verbs is made by changing "れる" to "れた." Ex. Children in Japan sang the Olympic song. → Olympic songs were sung to children in Japan. In Japan = Nippon throughout |
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Impact from an External Source 2: The passive form of Group I verbs (formal) Ex. (Japanese athlete, foreign athlete, take the gold medal) → The Japanese athlete had (his) gold medal taken by a foreign athlete. |
V (Oh -form) + will The formal passive form of Group I verbs is made by changing "れる" to "れます." Ex. (Japan players, foreign players, I take the gold medal) → Japanese players was taken the gold medal in foreign players. Foreign players = foreign players take = take |
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Impact from an External Source 3: ため because N Expresses causes and reasons. Ex. (rain, difficult to run) It was difficult to run because of the rain. |
Noun + for Ex. (Rain, difficult to run) Because of the rain, it was difficult to run. (ため is not used with the formal style of verbs and adjectives.) |
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Impact from an External Source 3: ため because い-adjective Expresses causes and reasons. Ex. (My) cold is terrible. (I) will stay home from work. → (I) stayed home from work, because (my) cold was terrible. |
There -adjective stem + for Busy (busy) → busy for いそがしい (busy) → いそがしかった (past tense)
Ex. Is bad cold. Rest the company. → for cold it was terrible, I was absent from the company. Cold = cold Company = corporation |
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Impact from an External Source 3: ため because い-adjective Expresses causes and reasons. Ex. There is not enough time. (I) cannot finish (it). → (I) couldn't finish (it) because there wasn't enough time. |
[Negative have -adjective] + for It is not enough to (not enough / insufficient) → for missing Because you did not you did not → short enough (past tense) Ex. Hours is not enough. It is impossible to end. → because the time was not enough, it was not able to last. = Is not enough is not enough Last = last moment |
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Impact from an External Source 3: ため because な-adjective Expresses causes and reasons. Ex. Transportation is inconvenient. (I) move. → (I) moved because transportation was inconvenient. |
Such is -adjective + I + for It's inconvenient (inconvenient) → for inconvenient It was inconvenient → order was inconvenient (past tense) Ex. Transportation is very inconvenient. To move. → because traffic was inconvenient, it was moved. San-fu べ inconvenient = Moving to = to move |
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Impact from an External Source 3: ため because V Expresses causes and reasons. Ex. (I) try very hard to memorize (it). (I) can do (it) smoothly. → (I) could do (it) smoothly because (I) tried very hard to memorize (it). |
Verb (dictionary form) + ため to remember it (memorize) → remember for In order to remember was that → remember was (past tense) Ex. I remember life wise. I can fluently. → Because you remember life wise, it was possible to fluently. Ke lifetime Circular い san shi January u = い っ Circular い san ke learn = to learn |
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Impact from an External Source 4: おかげ thanks to Ex. Thanks to the Internet, life has become convenient. |
Thanks to the Noun + Ex. Thanks to the Internet, life has become convenient. Life = life Convenience = Convenience おかげ is used mainly for positive results and せい is used for negative results. |
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Impact from an External Source 4: おかげ thanks to (doing) Ex. (My) English improves. (I) study in the UK. → Thanks to having studied in the UK, (my) English improved. |
but past form + thanks Ex. Improve your English. We learn in the UK. → English that was progress, it's thanks to you learned in the United Kingdom. Progress = progress Learn = Learn おかげ is used mainly for positive results and せい is used for negative results. |
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Impact from an External Source 4: せい because (one did) Ex. (I) gained weight because (I) ate a lot. |
In past form + blame Ex. Due eaten a lot, weight I have increased. Weight = ta い ゅ ji u The increase = to increase おかげ is used mainly for positive results and せい is used for negative results. |
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Impact from an External Source 4: せい maybe because (one did) Ex. (I) don't want to eat anything, maybe because (I) caught a cold. |
past form + せいか Ex. Perhaps because you have caught a cold, and there is not nothing want to eat. Cold = cold おかげ is used mainly for positive results and せい is used for negative results. |
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Potential Actions and Situations 1 can do Irregular verb: する Ex. Exchange students also use the library. → Exchange students can also use the library. |
it can The potential form of "する" verbs is made by changing the "する" to "できる." Ex. Students also use the library. → international students library is available . Students = u ga ku se ri ゅ い Library = Library The bold part can also be said as "を利用できる." |
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Potential Action and Situations 1 can come Irregular verb: come (come) Ex. Yamada-san come to the university by nine o'clock. |
Come (this is) The potential form of the irregular verb "来る" becomes "来られる." Ex. Yamada will come to the university to o'clock kyu. |
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Potential Actions and Situations 1 can V Group II verbs Ex. (I) look up book prices on the computer. → (I) can look up book prices on the computer. |
Are The potential form of Group II verbs is made by changing "る" to "られる." Ex. I look at the price of this computer. → price of this on a computer it can be examined . Price = price to investigate = to investigate The bold part can also be said as "が調べられる." |
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Potential Actions and Situations 1
can not in Group II verbs Ex. (in the library, until nine o'clock, stay) →(You) can only stay in the library until nine o'clock. |
Not Ex. (The library, until nine o'clock, it is) → only I can not help until LinQ to the library. Library = Library しか = only, nothing but |
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Potential Actions and Situations 1 can V → it is possible to V Ex. (You) can borrow books at the library. → It is possible to borrow books at the library |
I can The dictionary form of verbs + ことができる has almost the same meaning as the potential form of verbs. It is masu -form + → it can dictionary form + thing Ex. I can borrow a book in the library. → it is possible to borrow books at the library. |
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Potential Actions and Situations 2
can V Group I verbs Ex. (She) uses a computer. (My mother) → My mother can use a computer. |
え-form of verb + る The potential form of Group I verbs is made by changing the final character of the dictionary form to the "え-row" and then adding "る." Ex. パソコンを使う。(母) → 母はパソコンが使える。 ＊"～が使える" can also be said as "～を使える。 |
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Potential Actions and Situations 2 cannot V Group I verbs Ex. (My) laptop is heavy. (I) carry (it). → (My) laptop is heavy, so (I) cannot carry (it). |
え-form of verb + ない Ex. パソコンが重い。持ち運ぶ。 → パソコンが重いので、持ち運べない。 重い = おもい 持ち運べない = もちはこべない。 |
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Potential Actions and Situations 2 it is possible to V Ex. It is possible to write various texts. → (I) can write various texts. |
ことができる → え-form + る The dictionary form of verbs + ことができる has almost the same meaning as the potential form of verbs. Ex. いろいろな文章を書くことができる。 → いろいろな文章が書ける。 文章 = ぶんしょう ＊"～が書ける" can also be said as "～を書ける." |
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Potential Actions and Situations 2 can V and ~ Ex. (I) send e-mails. (I) gather information from around the world. → (I) can send e-mails, and (I) can also gather information from around the world. |
potential form of verb + し Ex. Eメールを送る。世界中の情報を集める。 → Eメールも送れるし、世界中の情報も集められる。 送る = おくる 世界中 = せかいじゅう 情報 = じょうほう 集める = あつめる |
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Potential Actions and Situations 3 have become able to do s.t. Ex. (conversation in Japanese) → (I) have become able to have a conversation in Japanese. |
Action noun + ができるようになる Ex. (日本語の会話) → 日本語の会話ができるようになった。 会話 = かいわ |
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looks/seems like one can do s.t. Ex. (I) will go to Japan around the summer. → It looks like (I) can go to Japan around the summer. |
Potential stem of verb + そうだ Ex. 夏頃に日本に行く。 → 夏頃に日本に行けそうだ。 夏頃 = なつごろ |
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may be able to do something Ex. (I) stay at (my) friend's house. → (I) may be able to stay at (my) friend's house. |
Potential form of verb + かもしれない Ex. 友達の家に泊まる。 → 友達の家に泊まれるかもしれない。 泊まる = とまる |
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think one can do s.t. Ex. (I) improve (my) Japanese ability. → (I) think (I) can improve (my) Japanese ability. |
Potential form of verb + と思う Ex. 日本語力を伸ばす。 → 日本語力を伸ばせると思う。 力 = りょく 伸ばす = のばす |
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Potential Actions and Situations 4 There is a danger of V Ex. A large earthquake occurs. Aftershocks occur. → There is a danger of aftershocks occurring after a large earthquake occurs. |
Dictionary form of a verb + おそれがある Ex. 大地震が発生する。余震が起こる。 → 大地震が発生して、余震が起こるおそれがある。 *おそれがある is used for things that are not good. 大地震 = おおじしん 発生 = はっせい 余震 = よしん 起こる = おこる |
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There is a possibility that / of V Ex. The investigation progresses. The number of injured people increases. → There is a possibility that the number of injured people will increase if the investigation progresses. |
Dictionary form of a verb + 可能性がある (かのうせいがある) Ex. 調査が進む。けが人の数が増える。 → 調査が進めば、けが人の数が増える可能性がある。 調査 = ちょうさ 進む = すすむ けが人 = けがにん 数 = かず 増える = ふえる *可能性がある is used for good things and bad things. |
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it is possible (that s.t.) will it is not possible (that s.t.) will Ex. Small earthquakes (will) continue. → It is possible small earthquakes will continue. |
Dictionary form of a verb + ことはあり得る / 得ない Ex. 小さな地震が続く。 → 小さな地震が続くことはあり得る。 得る/ 得ない = える / えない 得ない = えない 小さな = ちいさな 地震 = じしん 続く = つづく |
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it is possible (that s.t.) will it is not possible (that s.t.) will Ex. An earthquake will occur in the Kyushu Region. → It is possible an earthquake will occur in the Kyushu Region. |
Stem of the "ます-form" of a verb + 得る / 得ない Ex. 地震が九州地方で起こる。 → 地震が九州地方で起こり得る。 得る/得ない = える / えない 地震 = じしん 九州地方 = きゅうしゅうちほう |
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Expressions of Certainty 1 (I) expect s.t. to V Ex. There are many stars in the universe. There are planets similar to Earth. → There are many stars in the universe, so (I) expect there are planets similar to Earth. |
informal form of verb + はず + だ Ex. 宇宙にはたくさんの星がある。地球ににた星もある。 → 宇宙にはたくさんの星があるから、地球ににた星もあるはずだ。 宇宙 = うちゅう 星 = ほし 地球 = ちきゅう |
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(I) expect s.t. is V-ing Ex. Aliens are sending messages (directed) to us. → (I) expect aliens are sending messages (directed) to us. |
ている + はず + だ Ex. 宇宙人は私たちに向けてメッセージを発信している。 → 宇宙人は私たちに向けてメッセージを発信しているはずだ。 宇宙人 = うちゅうじん 向ける = むける = to direct / to turn towards 発信 = はっしん |
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(I) expect s.t. to be Adj. / it should be Adj. Ex. (I) am using good ingredients. (It) is delicious. → (I) am using good ingredients, so (it) should be delicious. |
い-adjective + はず + だ Ex. いい材料を使っている。おいしい。 → いい材料を使っているから、おいしいはずだ。 材料 = ざいりょう |
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(I) have no expectation that s.t. will V or it is improbable that s.t. will V Ex. There is no oxygen on Mars. Aliens exist (there). → There is no oxygen on Mars, so it is improbable that aliens exist (there). |
informal verb + はず + が + ない Ex. 火星には酸素がない。宇宙人が存在する。 → 火星には酸素がないから、宇宙人が存在するはずがない。 火星 = かせい 酸素 = さんそ 宇宙人 = うちゅうじん 存在 = そんざい |
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Expressions of Certainty 2 it seems (to be noun) Ex. The movie is very scary. → (It) seems to be a very scary movie |
noun + らしい It expresses a guess with a reason or evidence. Ex. その映画はとてもこわい。 → とてもこわい映画らしい。 映画 = えいが |
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it seems (to be い-adjective) Ex. my older brother's talk/word, the movie is interesting → According to my older brother's word, it seems (that) the movie is interesting. |
い-adjective + らしい Ex. 兄の話、その映画は面白い → 兄の話によると、その映画は面白いらしい。 話 = はなし 映画 = えいが 面白い = おもしろい |
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it seems (to be な-adjective) Ex. internationally famous director → It seems (that) the director is internationally famous. |
な-adjective ( - だ) + らしい Ex. 世界的に有名な監督 → 監督は世界的に有名らしい。 世界的 = せかいてき 有名 = ゆうめい 監督 = かんとく |
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it seems s.t. V Ex. (He) sells (his) current car. (He) buys a new car. → It seems (he) will sell (his) current car and buy a new car. |
verb (inf.) + らしい Ex. 今の車を売る。新しい車を買う。 → 今の車を売って、新しい車を買うらしい。 売る = うる |
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Expressions of Certainty 3 (I) hear that s.t. is [noun] Ex. Yamada-san's younger brother, bank employee → I hear that Yamada-san's younger brother is a bank employee. |
[noun] + だ + そうだ It expresses what one has heard / learned / understood. Ex. 山田さんの弟、銀行員 → 山田さんの弟は銀行員だそうだ。 銀行員 = ぎんこういん |
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(I) hear that s.t. is [い-adj] Ex. weather forecast, this winter, very cold → According to the weather forecast, this winter will be very cold. |
[い-adj] + そうだ Ex. 天気予報、今年の冬、とても寒い → 天気予報によると、今年の冬はとても寒いそうだ。 天気予報 = てんきよほう 寒い = さむい *Information sources are expressed by '[noun] + によると' (according to [noun]) |
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(I) hear that s.t. is [な-adj] Ex. Kaneda-san, Takeda-kun hates insects → According to Kaneda-san, Takeda-kun hates insects. |
[な-adj] + だ + そうだ Ex. 金田さん、竹田くんは虫が嫌いだ → 金田さんによると、竹田くんは虫が嫌いだそうだ。 虫 = むし 嫌い = きらい |
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(I) hear that s.t. [verb] Ex. It snows a lot in Hokkaido. → I hear that is snows a lot in Hokkaido. |
[inf. verb] + そうだ Ex. 北海度には雪がたくさん降る。 → 北海度には雪がたくさん降るそうだ。 降る = ふる |
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Expressions of Certainty 4 A way of talking that emphasizes the explanation/reason for why something is happening. Also highlights the state or condition of things. Present tense Ex. (We) wonder whether or not the criminal's fingerprints remain, so (we) will investigate (it). → (We) wonder whether or not the criminal's fingerprints remain, that is why (we) will investigate (it) |
のだ (informal) / のです (formal) Ex. 犯人の指紋が残っていないか、調べます。 → 犯人の指紋が残っていないか、調べるのです。 犯人 = はんにん 指紋 = しもん 残る = のこる 調べる = しらべる |
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A way of talking that emphasizes the explanation/reason for why something is happening. Also highlights the state or condition of things. Past tense Ex. The criminal entered from the window. → The fact is that the criminal entered from the window. |
のだ (informal) / のです (formal) Ex. 犯人は窓から入った。 → 犯人は窓から入ったのです。 犯人 = はんにん 窓 = まど 入る = はいる |
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A way of talking that emphasizes the explanation/reason for why something is happening. Also highlights the state or condition of things. Question form Ex. (I) didn't check the window lock. → Why didn't (you) check the window lock? |
のだ (informal) / のです (formal) Ex. 窓のかぎを確認しませんでした。 → どうして窓のかぎを確認しなかったのですか。 窓 = まど 確認 = かくにん |
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A way of talking that emphasizes the explanation/reason for why something is happening. Also highlights the state or condition of things. noun / な-adjective Ex. A little caution is important. → A little caution is important. (Emphasis added) |
なのだ (informal) / なのです (formal) Ex. ちょっとした注意が大切です。 → ちょっとした注意が大切なのです。 注意 = ちゅうい 大切 = たいせつ |
