Ktr Ch 8 9 10 11

Front 1

head of state

Back 1

the apolitical, unifying role of the President as symbolic representative of the whole country

Front 2

head of government

Back 2

the political role of the President as leader of a political party and chief arbiter of who gets what resources

Front 3

Chief Administrator

Back 3

the presidents executive role as the head of federal agencies and the person responsible for the implementation of national policy

Front 4

cabinet

Back 4

a presidential advisory group selected by the President, made up of the vice president, the heads of the federal executive departments, and other high officials to whom the president elects to give cabinet status

Front 5

commander-in-chief

Back 5

the presidents role as the top officer of the country's military establishment

Front 6

chief foreign policy maker

Back 6

the president's executive role as the primary shaper of relations with other nations

Front 7

treaties

Back 7

formal agreements with other countries; negotiated by the president and requiring approval by 2/3 of the senate

Front 8

executive agreement

Back 8

a presidential arrangement with another country that creates foreign policy without the need for Senate approval

Front 9

State of Union Address

Back 9

a speech given annually by the President to a joint session of congress and to the nation announcing the presidents agenda.

Front 10

Presidential veto

Back 10

a presidents authority to reject a bill passed by congress; may be overridden only by 2/3 majority in each house

Front 11

executive orders

Back 11

clarifications of congressional policy issued by the President and having the full force of law

Front 12

senatorial courtesy

Back 12

tradition of granting senators of the presidents party considerable power over federal judicial appointments in their home states

Front 13

solicitor general

Back 13

the Justice Department officer who argues the governments cases before the Supreme court

Front 14

pardoning power

Back 14

a presidents authority to release or excuse a person from the legal penalties of a crime

Front 15

inherent power

Back 15

presidential powers implied but not explicitly stated in the Constitution

Front 16

power to persuade

Back 16

a presidents ability to convince Congress, other political actors, and the public to cooperate with the administration's agenda

Front 17

going public

Back 17

a presidents strategy of appealing to the public on an issue, expecting that the public pressure will be brought to bear on other political actors

Front 18

cycle effect

Back 18

the predictable rise and fall of a presidents popularity at different stages of a term in office

Front 19

honeymoon period

Back 19

the time following an election when a presidents popularity is high and congressional relations are likely to be productive

Front 20

legislative liaison

Back 20

executive personnel who work with members of congress to secure their support in getting a presidents legislation passed

Front 21

divided government

Back 21

political rule split between two parties; one controlling the White house and the other controlling one or both houses of Congress

Front 22

Executive Office of the President (EOP)

Back 22

collection of nine organizations that help the president with policy and political objectives

Front 23

Office of Management and Budget

Back 23

organization within the EOP that oversees the budgets of departments and agencies

Front 24

Council of Economic Advisers

Back 24

organization within the EOP that advises the president on economic matters

Front 25

National Security Council

Back 25

organization with in the EOP that provides foreign policy advice to the President

Front 26

White House Office

Back 26

the approximately four hundred employees within the EOP who work most closely and directly with the president

Front 27

Chief of Staff

Back 27

the person who oversees the operations of all White House staff and controls access to the President

Front 28

Presidential Style

Back 28

image projected by the president that represents how he would like to be perceived at home and abroad

Front 29

Bureaucracy

Back 29

an organization characterized by hierarchical structure, worker specialization, explicit rules, and advancement by merit

Front 30

neutral competence

Back 30

the principle that bureaucracy should be depoliticized by making it more professional

Front 31

spoils system

Back 31

the 19th century practice of rewarding political supporters with the public office

Front 32

patronage

Back 32

system in which successful candidates reward supporters with jobs or favors

Front 33

civil service

Back 33

nonmilitary employees of the government who are appointed through the merit system

Front 34

Pendleton Act

Back 34

1883 civil service reform that required the hiring and promoting of civil servants to be based on merit, not patronage

Front 35

Hatch Act

Back 35

1939 law limiting the political involvement of civil servants in order to protect them from political pressure and keep politics out of the bureaucracy

Front 36

accountability

Back 36

the principle that bureaucracies employees should be answerable for their performance to supervisors, all the way up the chain of command

Front 37

red tape

Back 37

the complex procedures and regulations surrounding bureaucratic activity

Front 38

clientele groups

Back 38

groups of citizens whose interests are affected by an agency or department and who work to influence its policies

Front 39

departments

Back 39

one of the major subdivisions of the federal government, represented in the presidents cabinet

Front 40

independent agencies

Back 40

government organizations independent of the departments but with a narrower policy focus

Front 41

independent regulatory boards and commissions

Back 41

government organizations that regulate various businesses, industries, or economic sectors

Front 42

regulations

Back 42

limitations or restrictions on the activities of a business or individual

Front 43

government corporations

Back 43

companies created by Congress to provide to the public a good or service that private enterprise cannot or will not profitably provide

Front 44

bureaucratic discretion

Back 44

bureaucrats use of their own judgement in interpreting and carrying out the laws of Congress

Front 45

Federal Register

Back 45

publication containing al federal regulations and notifications of regulatory agency hearings

Front 46

bureaucratic culture

Back 46

the accepted values and procedures of an organization

Front 47

bureaucratese

Back 47

the often unintelligible language used by bureaucrats to avoid controversy and lend weight to their words

Front 48

whistle blowers

Back 48

individuals who publicize instances of fraud, corruption, or other wrongdoing in the bureaucracy

Front 49

agency capture

Back 49

process where by regulatory agencies come to protective of and influenced by the industries they were established to regulate

Front 50

iron triangle

Back 50

the phenomenon of a clientele group, congressional committee, and bureaucratic agency cooperating to make mutually beneficial policy

Front 51

issue networks

Back 51

complex systems of relationships between groups that influence policy, including elected leaders, interest groups, specialists, consultants, and research institutes

Front 52

congressional oversight

Back 52

efforts by Congress, especially through committees, to monitor agency rule making, enforcement, and implementation of congressional policies

Front 53

citizen advisory council

Back 53

a citizen group that considers the policy decisions of an agency; a way to make the bureaucracy responsive to the general public

Front 54

sunshine laws

Back 54

legislation opening the process of bureaucratic policymaking to the public

Front 55

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)

Back 55

1966 law that allows citizens to obtain copies of most public records

Front 56

Privacy Act of 1974

Back 56

a law that gives citizens access to the governments files on them

Front 57

courts

Back 57

institution that sit as neutral third parties to resolve conflicts according to the law

Front 58

civil law tradition

Back 58

a legal system based on a detailed comprehensive legal code, usually created by the legislature

Front 59

common law tradition

Back 59

a legal system based on the accumulated rulings of judges over time, applied uniformly- jude-made law

Front 60

precedent

Back 60

a previous decision or ruling that, in common law tradition, is binding on subsequent decisions

Front 61

adversarial system

Back 61

trial procedures designed to resolve conflict through the clash of opposing sides, moderated by a neutral, passive judge who applies the law

Front 62

inquisitorial systems

Back 62

trial procedures designed to determine the truth through the intervention of an active judge who seeks evidence and questions witnesses

Front 63

substantive law

Back 63

law whose content, or substance, define what we can or cannot do

Front 64

procedural laws

Back 64

laws that establish how laws are applied and enforced- how legal proceedings take place

Front 65

procedural due process

Back 65

procedural laws that protect the rights of individuals who must deal with the legal system

Front 66

criminal laws

Back 66

laws prohibiting behavior the government has determined to be harmful to society; violation of a criminal law is called a crime

Front 67

civil laws

Back 67

laws regarding interactions between individuals; violation of a civil law is called a tort

Front 68

constitutional law

Back 68

law stated in the Constitution or in the body of judicial decisions about the meaning of the Constitution handed down in the courts

Front 69

statutory laws

Back 69

law passed by a state or federal legislature

Front 70

administrative law

Back 70

law established by the bureaucracy, on behalf of Congress

Front 71

executive order

Back 71

clarifications of congressional policy issued by the President and having the full force of law

Front 72

judicial review

Back 72

the power of the courts to determine the constitutionality of laws

Front 73

Marbury v. Madison

Back 73

the landmark case that established the U.S. supreme court's power of judicial review

Front 74

jurisdiction

Back 74

a court's authority to hear certain cases

Front 75

original jurisdiction

Back 75

the authority of a court to hear a case first

Front 76

appellate jurisdiction

Back 76

the authority of a court to review decisions made by lower courts

Front 77

appeal

Back 77

a rehearing of a case because the losing party in the original trial argues that a point of law was not applied properly

Front 78

senatorial courtesy

Back 78

tradition of granting senior senators of the Presidents party considerable power over federal judicial appointments in their home states

Front 79

strict constructionism

Back 79

a judicial approach holding that the Constitution should be read literally, with the farmers' intentions uppermost in mind

Front 80

judicial interpretivism

Back 80

a judicial approach holding that the Constitution is a living document and that judges should interpret it according to changing times and values

Front 81

writ of certiorari

Back 81

formal request by the U.S. Supreme Court to call up lower court case it decides to hear on appeal

Front 82

Rule of Four

Back 82

the unwritten requirement that four Supreme Court justices must agree to grant a case certiorari in order for the case to be heard

Front 83

solicitor general

Back 83

Justice Department officier who argues the government's cases before the Supreme Court

Front 84

amicus curiae briefs

Back 84

"friend of the courts" documents filed by interested parties to encourage the court to grant or deny certiorari or to urge it to decide a case in a particular way

Front 85

judicial activism

Back 85

view that the courts should be lawmaking, policymaking bodies

Front 86

judicial restraint

Back 86

view that the courts should reject any active lawmaking functions and stick to judicial interpretations of the past

Front 87

opinion

Back 87

the written decision of the court that states the judgement of the majority

Front 88

concurring opinions

Back 88

documents written by justices expressing agreement with the majority ruling but describing different or additional reasons for the ruling