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101 Cards in this Set
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Q500. Patient hurts his knee, causing him the ability to bend his leg inward to a greater extent then normally possible. What structure is damaged?
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A500. Lateral Collateral Ligament; (Varus test)
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Q501. Patient hurts his knee, causing him the ability to bend his leg outward to a greater extent then normally possible. What structure is damaged?
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A501. Medial Collateral Ligament; (Valgus test)
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Q502. Patient hurts his knee, causing him to feel loose intra- articular bodies and a locking of the knee. What structure is damaged?
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A502. Medial Meniscus
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Q503. What is the first step in the evaluation of a palpable thyroid nodule?
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A503. Ultrasound
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Q504. A front-seat passenger in a car involved in a head-on collision relates that he hit the dashboard with his knees, however, he is specifically complaining of severe pain in his right hip, rather than knee pain. He lies in the stretcher in the emergency department with the right lower extremity shortened, adducted, and internally rotated. What is the most likely injury?
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A504. Posterior dislocation of the hip; (not fracture of the femoral neck)
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Q505. A 25-year-old man is shot with a .22 caliber revolver. The entrance wound is in the anteromedial aspect of his upper thigh, and the exit wound is about 3 inches lower, in the posterolateral aspect of the thigh. He has a large, expanding hematoma in the upper inner thigh. There are no palpable pulses in the foot. The bone is intact by physical examination and x-ray films. What is the most appropriate next step in management?
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A505. Surgical Exploration; (Arteriograms are very often used in vascular trauma, but are not needed here. We would use an arteriogram if the anatomic location of the injury suggested vascular involvement, but the clinical signs did not confirm such suspicion. Arteriograms are also used when the specific surgical approach is dictated by precise knowledge of the site of extravasation, a situation that does not apply here)
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Q506. A 7-year-old boy passes a large, bloody bowel movement. He is hemodynamically stable, and he has a hemoglobin of 14 g/dL. Nasogastric aspiration yields clear, greenish fluid. Physical examination, including anoscopy, is unremarkable. What is the most appropriate next diagnostic test?
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A506. Radioactively labeled Technetium Scan; (In this age group, with no obvious anal pathology and negative gastric aspirate, the leading cause of gastrointestinal bleeding is Meckel's diverticulum. The specific source is ulceration of the normal ileal mucosa by acid produced by gastric mucosa in the diverticulum. The technetium scan identifies that ectopic gastric mucosa. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy would have been appropriate if the gastric aspirate had produced blood)
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Q507. An 81-year-old man with Alzheimer disease who lives in a nursing home undergoes surgery for a fractured femoral neck. On the 5th postoperative day, it is noted that his abdomen is grossly distended and tense, but not tender; no evidence of occult blood. X-ray films show a few distended loops of small bowel and the gas pattern of distention extends throughout the entire large bowel, including the sigmoid and rectum. No stool is seen in the films. Otherwise he does not appear to be ill. Vital signs are normal for his age. What is the most likely diagnosis?; Diagnostic test?; Tx?
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A507. Dx: Ogilvie Syndrome; (a type of colonic dysfunction often seen in elderly patients who are not too active to begin with and are then further immobilized by extra-abdominal surgery); Diagnostic test: Colonoscopy; (rules out obstructing cancer, which is always a consideration in this age group, and allows the gas to be sucked out as the instrument advances); Tx: A long tube is then left in place
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Q508. A 42-year-old, right-handed man has had a history of progressive speech difficulties and right hemiparesis for 5 months. He has had progressively severe headaches for the past 2 months, which are worse in the mornings. At the time of admission, he is confused and vomiting, and has blurred vision, papilledema, and diplopia. Shortly thereafter, his blood pressure increases to 190/110 mm Hg, and he develops bradycardia. What is most likely the significance of the hypertension and the bradycardia?
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A508. There is a near-terminal increase in intracranial pressure; (the development of hypertension and bradycardia (Cushing's reflex) signifies that the brain has run out of compensatory mechanisms to minimize the intracranial pressure elevation generated by increased intracranial volume. When that point is reached, brain perfusion suffers and death is imminent)
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Q509. On the 5th postoperative day, it is noticed that large amounts of clear, pink, salmon-colored fluid are soaking the wound dressings. The incision appears intact and not particularly red or inflamed, but there are indeed traces of the clear pink fluid on his skin. He has no specific complaints. He is still NPO and on IV fluids, but has already been passing gas per rectum, and plans had been made to feed him today. The abdomen is not distended, and he has normal bowel sounds. He is afebrile. What is the most appropriate next step in management?
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A509. Tape the wound securely, bind the abdomen, and avoid events that would suddenly increase his intra-abdominal pressure; (The situation described is that of a wound dehiscence that has not yet progressed to a wound evisceration. The former can be dealt with at leisure, if the latter is avoided. He will eventually require re-closure, but it can be done whenever it is most convenient. Remember: Pink fluid on an abdominal surgical wound is a leak of intra-abdominal fluid)
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Q510. A 24-year-old woman sustains multiple injuries in a car accident, including a pelvic fracture. She is hemodynamically stable. Initial assessment shows no vaginal or rectal injuries; however, when a Foley catheter is inserted, bloody urine is recovered. What would be the best way to evaluate her urologic injury?
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A510. Retrograde cystogram including post-void films; (it is important to include post-void films because extravasation at the bladder neck can be obscured by the dye that is filling the bladder)
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Q511. A 62-year-old woman has a 4-cm, hard mass under the nipple and areola of her rather small left breast. The mass occupies most of the breast, but the breast is freely movable from the chest wall. There is no dimpling or ulceration of the skin over the mass, and careful palpation of the axilla is completely negative. A core biopsy of the breast mass has established a diagnosis of infiltrating ductal carcinoma, and the mammogram showed no other lesions in that breast or the other one. A chest x-ray film and liver function tests are normal. She has no symptoms suggestive of brain or bone metastasis. What Tx should be offered to this woman?
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A511. Modified Radical Mastectomy including axillary sampling; (Lumpectomy, axillary sampling, and post-op radiation would have been the correct answer for a smaller tumor in a larger breast)
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Q512. A 49-yo obese man presents with a serum calcium of 14. He has uncontrolled DM and bipolar disorder (for which he takes lithium). What is the most likely cause of the calcium elevation?
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A512. Parathyroid Hyperplasia secondary to Renal Failure from the uncontrolled DM; (when the kidney loses its ability to reabsorb calcium and Vit D, hypocalcemia triggers the parathyroid gland to increase their production of parathyroid hormone)
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Q513. A 5-yo boy is brought to the ER after ingesting a half-bottle of liquid drain cleaner. What is the next step?
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A513. Tracheostomy; (even though the step doesn’t state a breathing problem, airway edema, stridor and difficulty breathing is likely)
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Q514. A 46-yo woman presents to the ER with RUQ pain and fever. She has scleral icterus. There are no peritoneal signs; bowel sounds are present. Dx?; What is the best initial Tx?; If that doesn’t work?
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A514. Dx: Acute Cholangitis; First: Antibiotics and fluid resuscitation; Next: Percutaneous Transhepatic Drainage
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Q515. What is the best Diagnostic test for a Breast mass in a younger woman?
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A515. Ultrasound
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Q516. What is the treatment post-operative for a premenopausal woman who had a modified radical mastectomy for a 3cm mass with negative LN?
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A516. Chemotherapy
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Q517. A 63-yo man is disease-free after BCG therapy for CIS bladder cancer. In addition to a physical exam, cystoscopy and urinary cytology, what should be done?
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A517. IVP (to rule-out upper tract tumors)
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Q518. A 78-yo man presents with RUQ pain, N/V and a 30lb weight loss over the past 3 months. He has scleral icterus and asymmetric thickening of the gallbladder. Dx?
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A518. Adenocarcinoma of the GB
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Q519. A 10-yo boy presents with persistent hoarseness that worsens with singing. There are multiple lesions on his true vocal cords. Dx?
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A519. Laryngeal Papilloma; (benign and located on the true vocal cords. In kids they present as multiple lesions and are caused by HPV)
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Q520. What is the best Diagnostic test to define an enlarged Parathyroid gland?
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A520. Ultrasound
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Q521. A 52-yo female has melanotic pigmentation of her buccal mucosa and hamartomas throughout her GI tract. What other cancer is assoc with this condition?
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A521. Ovarian CA
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Q522. What is the medical treatment for Carcinoid syndrome? (2) What is the drug class of these drugs?
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A522. Octreotide, a Somatostatin analogue;; Cyproheptadine, a Serotonin antagonist
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Q523. A 53-yo woman presents with 12 mo History of neck pain, 15lb weight gain and malaise. Dx?
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A523. Hashimoto Thyroiditis
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Q524. A 41-yo woman complains of tenderness in her right knee for the past 3 weeks. A synovial aspiration reveals no evidence of bacteria or crystals. Dx?
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A524. Bursitis
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Q525. What nerve is affected in a mid humeral fracture?
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A525. Radial; (wrist extension and sensory to back of hand)
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Q526. What nerve is affected in an elbow dislocation?
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A526. Ulnar; (finger abduction and sensory to last 2 digits)
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Q527. What type of orthopedic problem is assoc with a patient who has DM or syphilis (causing peripheral neuropathy to the extreme of not feeling a fracture) leads to gradual arthritis and joint deformity?
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A527. Charcot Joint
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Q528. MCC of bacterial osteomyelitis?
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A528. Staph Aureus
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Q529. What diagnostic test do you order in a patient who has a posterior knee dislocation?
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A529. Angiogram
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Q530. What are the MC Hip problems in the following ages:; 1. Newborn; 2. Toddler; (also diagnostic test); 3. 6 - 9 yo; 4. 9 - 14 yo
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A530. Newborn = Congenital Hip Dysplasia; Toddler = Septic Hip; (Tx: Aspiration under anesthesia); 6 - 9 yo = Avascular Necrosis; 9 - 14 yo = Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
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Q531. MC place of an Intracerebral hemorrhage? Cause?
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A531. Basal Ganglia (due to HTN)
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Q532. A patient is found on the side of the road with bruising of the head, increased BP, bradycardia and respiratory irregularities. Dx?
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A532. Increased Intracranial Pressure; (do not treat HTN initially…it is body’s way of trying to increase cerebral perfusion)
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Q533. What is the usual cause of sudden deafness?
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A533. Viral; (mumps, measles, chickenpox, influenza, or adenovirus)
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Q534. MCC of acquired hearing loss in children?
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A534. Bacterial Meningitis
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Q535. A child has a fever and has a lateral neck mass. Dx?
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A535. Branchial Cleft cyst
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Q536. A child has a midline neck mass and it elevates with tongue protrusion. Dx?
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A536. Thyroglossal Duct cyst
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Q537. (3) MCC of Otitis Media. Tx?
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A537. Strep Pneumonia, H. Influenza, Moraxella;; Tx: Amoxicillin
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Q538. A child has inflammation of the tympanic membrane which has vesicles on its surface. Dx?; Tx?
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A538. Dx: Infectious Myringitis (inflammation of TM); Tx: Erythromycin or Clarithromycin
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Q539. A patient presents with hearing loss on the right side. A Weber test for hearing loss is performed and a tuning fork is placed on the head. What would signal a Conductive problem?; Sensorineural problem?
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A539. Conductive: Sound is heard louder in affected ear (right); Sensorineural: Sound is hear louder in unaffected ear (left)
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Q540. A patient presents with hearing loss on the right side. A Rinne test for hearing loss is performed and a tuning fork is placed on the mastoid process. It stays there until the patient can’t hear it anymore, then it is placed by the same ear. What would signal a Conductive problem?; Sensorineural problem?
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A540. Conductive: Cannot hear the continuing sound of the fork when placed next to the ear;; Sensorineural: Can hear the continuing sound of the fork when placed next to the ear.
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Q541. A male patient complains of transient pain in the buttocks, buttock atrophy and impotence. What is the problem?; Tx?
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A541. Aortoiliac Occlusive Dz; (Leriche’s syndrome); Tx: Aortoiliac bypass graft
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Q542. A patient presents with sudden onset of unilateral blindness like “a shade is pulled over his eye”; Dx?; Diagnostic test?; Tx? (2 possible)
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A542. Dx: TIA secondary to Carotid Stenosis; Diagnostic test: Ultrasound of Carotid; Tx:; if >70% stenosis: Carotidendarterectomy;; If <70% stenosis: daily Aspirin
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Q543. A patient presents with abdominal tenderness, bloody diarrhea and “thumbprinting” on abdominal x-ray. Dx?
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A543. Acute Bowel Infarction
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Q544. A patient presents with a history of varicose veins and has localized leg pain with cord-like induration, reddish discoloration and mild fever. Dx?; Tx?
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A544. Dx: Thrombophlebitis; Tx: NSAIDs and warm compresses
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Q545. A patient presents with syncope, vertigo, confusion and upper extremity claudication during exercise. Dx?
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A545. Subclavian Steal Syndrome; (left subclavian artery obstruction proximal to vertebral artery)
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Q546. A patient presents with upper extremity paresthesias, weakness, cold temperature, edema and venous distention. Dx?
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A546. Cervical rib; (compromising subclavian vessel blood flow; no neuro problems help distinguish it from SSS)
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Q547. What (2) Dx cause Uric Acid kidney stones?
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A547. Gout or Leukemia
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Q548. What causes a Struvite renal stone?
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A548. UTI
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Q549. What are the (2) biggest concerns with electrical burns?
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A549. Cardiac Arrhythmias;; Renal Failure; (from muscle necroisis leading to myoglobinuria and acidosis; maintaining high urine output with fluids helps prevent this)
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Q550. What is the classic cardiac sign with Hypothermia?
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A550. J-wave; (a small positive deflection following QRS complex)
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Q551. If a patient with hyperthermia begins to have convulsions, what do you do?
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A551. Give Diazepam
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Q552. Where are the MEN-1 tumors located?
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A552. All start with “P”:; Pituitary,; Pancreas,; Parathyroid
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Q553. What are the tumors in MEN-2 vs MEN-3?
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A553. MEN-2 (MPP):; Medullary Thyroid CA,; Pheochromocytoma,; Parathyroid;; MEN-3 (MPM):; Medullary Thyroid CA,; Pheochromocytoma,; Mucosal Neuromas
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Q554. What is the difference b/t Mallory-Weiss syndrome and Boerhaave syndrome on exam?
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A554. Boerhaave syndrome presents with mediastinal emphysema
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Q555. What is the type of esophageal divertivcula most commonly requiring surgery?; Where is it located?
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A555. Zenker’s diverticulum; location: Pharyngoesophageal area
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Q556. A 52-yo woman presents due to 3 months of early satiety, weight loss and non-bilious vomiting. Dx?
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A556. Gastric Outlet Obstruction
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Q557. A 25-yo develops weight loss, night sweats and a fistula draining from his RLQ s/p appendectomy. Dx?; Tx?
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A557. Dx: Post-op Actinomycosis infection; Tx: Penicillin (or Tetracycline)
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Q558. A 70-yo man with a History of HTN develops cramping lower abdominal pain 2 days s/p AAA repair. A few hours later he develops bloody diarrhea. Dx?
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A558. Ischemic Colitis; (suspected and time patient develops acute abdominal pain followed by rectal bleeding and is common post AAA)
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Q559. Which is massive lower GI bleeding more common with: Diverticulosis or Diverticulitis?; Tx for each?
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A559. Diverticulosis; Tx: high fiber diet, stool softeners; (Diverticulitis Tx is Antibiotics, analgesics and clear liquid diet if mild; resection if severe)
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Q560. What is Jaundice without scelral icterus or increased bilirubin?; Cause?
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A560. Pseudojaundice; Caused by increased ingestion of foods rich in beta- carotene
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Q561. What liver tumor is treated by cessation of OCPs?; What is this patient at risk for if she wants a large family?
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A561. Hepatocellular Adenomas;; Risk: if treated by cessation of OCP rather then tumor resection, she is at risk for rupture and hemorrhage during future pregnancies
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Q562. MC clinical finding in Portal HTN
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A562. Splenomegaly
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Q563. MCC of Portal HTN inside the USA?; Outside the USA?
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A563. In USA: Alcoholism; Outside USA: Schistosomiasis
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Q564. Aside from US, what is the diagnostic test of Acute Cholecystitis?
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A564. HIDA scan; (if the GB is not seen within 1 hour post Technetium injection, it is diagnostic for acute cholecystitis)
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Q565. What is the Dx of an ERCP that shows “beads on a string” in the bile ducts? Tx? (2 depending on severity and place)
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A565. Dx: Sclerosing Cholangitis;; Tx:; 1. Pallitive Tx: Balloon dilation with stent placement;; 2. Extrahepatic stricture: Removal of ducts with T-tube placement;; Intrahepatic stricture: Liver Transplant
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Q566. Dx: Anti-mitochondrial Ab
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A566. Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
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Q567. Dx: Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Ab
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A567. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
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Q568. A 32-yo male who underwent a laparotomy for a GSW to the abdomen 2 days ago is found to have a tender belly without rebound and is leaning forward on his stretcher breathing at a rate of 28/min. Dx?
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A568. Pancreatitis; (Tachypnea is one of the presenting signs)
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Q569. When is the only time a Direct inguinal hernia is more common?
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A569. In patients > 50yo
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Q570. What are the boundaries of Hesselbach’s Triangle?
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A570. Inferior border: Inguinal Ligament; Medial border: Rectus Abdominis; Lateral border: Inferior Epigastric vessels
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Q571. How is each type of Hiatal Hernia corrected?
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A571. Sliding: usu Antacids and head elevation; (15% require a Nissen Fundoplication); Paraexophageal: Surgery
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Q572. After an URI a child presents with a painless, soft mobile mass in the neck that transilluminates. Dx?; Diagnostic test?; Tx?
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A572. Dx: Cystic Hygroma; Diagnostic test: CT scan; Tx: Surgical excision
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Q573. MC congenital lung lesion
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A573. Lobar Emphysema; (presents with mediastinal shift)
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Q574. How can you tell the difference b/t Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia or Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation?
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A574. Placement of the NG tip:; In Thorax: CDH; In Abdomen: CCAM
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Q575. A premature infant born at 33 weeks gestation now at 1 week of age has developed feeding intolerance, is febrile, and has hematochezia and a distended belly. Dx?
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A575. Necrotizing Enterocolitis; (presents in premature births and is similar to sepsis with feeding intolerance, apneic spells, bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain)
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Q576. What is the order of structures transversed with the spinal anesthesia after the Sub-Q layer? (6)
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A576. SILEDS:; Supraspinous ligament,; Interspinous ligament,; Ligamentum flavum,; Epidural space,; Dura mater,; Subarachnoid space
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Q577. What (2) serological markers are monitored for Pineal tumors?
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A577. AFP and beta-HCG
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Q578. A kidney transplant recipient is seen in the ER for nausea and abdominal pain, fever and elevated creatinine. Dx?; Diagnostic test?; Tx?
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A578. Dx: Acute Rejection; Diagnostic test: Ultrasound-guided Biopsy; Tx: Pulse Steroid treatment (or OKT3) is 90% effective
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Q579. MC infection after Pancreas transplant
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A579. UTI
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Q580. MC post-transplant problem in a Pancreas transplant?; Tx?
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A580. Post-op Metabolic Acidosis; (due to excessive loss of bicarb in urine); Tx: Oral replacement
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Q581. A 53-yo woman who is s/p liver transplant calls you asking what she can take for some musculoskeletal pain. Dx?; What can you give her?
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A581. Dx: AE of Tacrolimus meds; (can ultimately lead to renal failure); Give her Acetaminophen; (new liver will be able to tolerate it)
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Q582. MC infection post heart transplant?; Tx?
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A582. CMV (a trigger for graft-related atherosclerosis); Tx: Ganciclovir
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Q583. How will a flexor tendon injury of the hand present?
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A583. With a Straight finger; (due to unapposed Extensors)
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Q584. A patient is in the hospital with pneumonia and a lung abscess. His morning labs show low sodium, chloride and serum osmolarity with an increased urine osmolarity. Dx?; Tx?
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A584. Dx: SIADH; Tx: Water Restriction (and treat primary cause)
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Q585. what is a decrease in the release of ADH called?; Tx?
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A585. Diabetes Insipidus (Decreased = Diabetes); Tx: Vasopressin
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Q586. `What test should be performed before inserting an Arterial Line or obtaining a blood gas?; Describe
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A586. Allen Test; (measures adequate collateral blood flow to hand via the ulnar artery. Patient makes fist, then both ulnar and radial artery are occluded; patient then opens blanched hand. The ulnar artery is released and if the patient has a strong blush to the hand, the ulnar artery is adequate)
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Q587. A post-operative patient has a new onset of CHF, dyspnea and a dysrhythmia. Dx?; Tx?
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A587. Myocardial Infarct; (often post-op they don't present with chest pain); Tx: Be MONA (no heparin): Beta blocker; Morphine; Oxygen; Nitrates; Aspirin
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Q588. What is FENa? Equation?
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A588. Fractional Excretion of Na (sodium); Equation: YOU NEED PEE; (Una x Pcr)/(Pna x Ucr) x 100
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Q589. What is the value for a Pre-Renal FENA vs a Renal FENA?
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A589. Pre-Renal: < 1; Renal: > 1
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Q590. What is a common anesthesia used for children and burn victims?
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A590. Ketamine
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Q591. What are the contraindications for the depolarizing agent Succinylcholine? (4); Why?
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A591. Patients with:; Burns,; Increased ICP,; Neuromuscular Dz,; Eye trauma; Reason: causes Hyperkalemia (and increased intraocular pressure)
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Q592. What is the Tx of life-threatening respiratory depression with morphine or Demerol?
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A592. Narcan (Naloxone)
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Q593. Main side effect of epidural anesthesia?
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A593. Orthostatic Hypotension
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Q594. Main side effect of Spinal anesthesia?
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A594. Urinary retention
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Q595. Which hernia type involves only one side wall of the bowel?
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A595. Richter hernia
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Q596. Which hernia sac exists as both a direct and indirect hernia?
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A596. Pantaloon hernia (like pant legs)
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Q597. in a trauma patient if oral and nasal endotrachial intubation is contraindicated, what is the best way to get an airway?
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A597. Cricothyroidotomy; (not tracheostomy...that is only in OR)
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Q598. What is the Glascow Coma Score for Eye opening?
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A598. Eye opening ("four eyes"):; 4: Opens spontaneously; 3: Opens to Voice; 2: Opens to Pain; 1: Does Not open
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Q599. What is the Glascow Coma Score for Motor response?
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A599. Motor response ("6-cylinder motor"):; 6: Obeys Commands; 5: Localizes Pain stimulus; 4: Withdrawls from pain; 3: Decorticate Posture; 2: Decerebrate posture; 1: No movement
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Q600. What is the Glascow Coma Score for Verbal response?
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A600. Verbal response ("Jackson 5"):; 5: Appropriate and oriented; 4: Confused; 3: Inappropriate words; 2: Incomprehensible sounds; 1: No sounds
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