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11 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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The Badia Region, Jordan -In Western Asia. -Arid area due to it being in a zone of high pressure, at 35-46 degrees North. -Almost entirely landlocked. -In the rain shadow of the western highlands. |
-Large diurnal temperature range. -Irregular rainfall. -Badia region = dry rocky desert; an example of where management has been carried out sustainably in a hot desert environment. -<150mm average rainfall. |
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Azrao Wetlands, Badia region, Jordan Formed at an oasis in the desert where natural springs once flowed to the surface, creating a unique habitat for birds and animals. 1980-1993 water pumped from underground aquifer as increasing population in capital. 3/4 of drinking water pumped. |
It was unsustainable at 50 million cubic metres because the abstraction rate greatly exceeded discharge. 1993: no surface water left and ecosystem destroyed. Wetland dried up, migratory birds + large mammals lost. The gov. introduced piped water into wetlands, and part of the area is restored and is home to many plants, birds and animal species. |
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Present Environment: -Ponds with new species of killifish. -Reeds and birds have returned. -New habitat is closely monitored. -Using piped water to recharge wetlands is not a long term solution. Ideally the aquifer would recharge + water table would rise + springs would flow as pressure from ground water store. --> will only happen if rainfall allowed to percolate = recharge aquifer + pumping rates decrease. |
-Diversity + extent of ecosystem had been lost. --> bird no. in 2000 = 1,200, in 1967 = 347,000. -Tourists educated about the environment. -Educational programs in Azraq which focus on wetlands, wetland protection and wetlands biodiversity. -Tourists have minimal impact on the area: use of board walks and number of tourists is controlled. |
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Benefit to all: -Local communities benefit from tourist revenues. -Small workshops in Azraq provides craft employment, decorating ostrich eggs and sewn projects to sell to tourists = income. -Craft industries are mainly done by the women. |
-Employment for the local crafts people. -The conservation project has only gone ahead as a result coordinating with local farmers and inhabitants (showing careful management was required to seek sustainability). -Nothing suggests it benefits everyone. Craft industries mainly done by women, this is significant for gender inequalities that exist in the labour market in Jordan. |
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Futurity: -It's not a long term solution, as the water has to come from somewhere else. Has restored a habitat for locals and tourists. -Education programmes in Azraq may prevent further damage and increase public support for further restoration. -Ideal solution would be to allow aquifer to recharge so the water table rises and the springs start flowing naturally again. |
For: -Provides jobs for locals + revenues to improve the area. -Less damage in the future due to education. -Habitat is restored so locals and tourists can enjoy, new species. Against: -Pumped water comes from somewhere, problem of water scarcity moves elsewhere. -There is no reduced demand in Amman. -There |
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The Tal Rimah Rangeland Rehabilitation Project, Badia, Jordan. -An area traditionally grazed by the Bedouin who herded their goats, sheep + camels across the area in search of shrubs and bushes to graze on. |
-Overgrazing occurred when lots of sheep were sold cheaply from Iraq to Jordanians. --> Plants gradually died + the area suffered from desertification. Animal hooves broke up the ground, so plants couldn't grow. -Rangelands consists of the desert land around As Safawi in the Badia region. -Desertification: a type of land degradation in which increasingly arid area can experience loss of water, vegetation + wildlife. |
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Began 2002: -Working with local communities to identify a sustainable future for grazing in the rangelands. -Over 100 local people built love stone walls to 'harvest' water so it could be used more effectively for watering the newly planted shrubs. -Sheep introduced, which help disperse the seeds and their manure added fertility to the soil. |
-Horizontal ditches dug so water in ditches would be retained rather than flowing away downhill, to provide shrubs with the maximum water available. -Various shrubs have been planted to trial which are most successful in the extreme environment. -2004- 08 species no. increased from 21 to 54. -Wider biodiversity + plants for the community's income grew more easily. |
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Desertification: -The degradation of once productive land to the point where desert - like conditions prevail, resulting in a loss of biological and economic activity. |
-Soil erosion is caused by vegetation removal by deforestation for fuel wood/timber and overgrazing. Over cultivation exhausts soil of fertility and it loses soil structure. Wind and water can then remove the exposed soil. -Salinization is the accumulation of salts of sodium, calcium and magnesium in the soil. Salt is toxic to plants and reduces the soil's capacity to hold air and nutrients. |
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Management responses: 1) Reducing soil erosion by water: -Afforestation - roots hold soil together + canopy increases interception. -Strip cropping - ensures the crop covers ground all year to protect from wind/rain as = erosion. -Contour ploughing to reduce surface runoff. |
2) Reduce soil erosion from wind: -Lines of vegetation as wind breaks. -Maintain soil fertility by adding organic matter. -Stabilise dunes by afforestation. -Prevent overgrazing + reduce animal numbers. 3)Reduce salinization: -Remove saline -Water management to prevent over irrigation. |
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Dana, Jordan -Largest nature reserve in Jordan. -Was degraded rangeland, remoter hill country with few job opportunities. -Cuts across the great riff valley. -Series of mountains. -Hiking trails. |
-Lots of flora and fauna from the 3 continents of which Jordan sits between. -Tourism- protects site, brings revenue to protect the area, supports local communities who use the land. -Home to 25 endangered species. |
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Sustainability -Most jobs (tour guides, cooks, receptionists) were taken by villagers. -Tourism revenues meet the costs of the reserve. -Guesthouse has spectacular views. -Campsite allows people to embark on dawn excursions and watch the nature. -Education of women. -Guest lodge powered by solar energy + lit by candles + no road access. |
Dana project: -Integrate nature conservation with human economic development. -Provides employment and protects environment. -Careful balance between social and economic development. -Small community businesses = local skill. -Dana is sustaining itself. Visitor center built in Oman to attract people to area, which sells community projects. |
