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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice
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Unit 1
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Nursing Definition
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The diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems
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Scope of nursing practice
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Promotion of health and wellness
Prevention of illness Restoration of health Care for the dying |
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Administering immunizations is an example of
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Illness prevention
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Giving a bath is an example of
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An aesthetic measure.
(Not needed for health promotion or disease prevention) |
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Maintaining normal status without consideration of diseases is an example of
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Health promotion
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Performing diagnostic procedures is an example of
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Disease detection
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Nurses provide care for three tyes of clients
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Individuals
Families Communities |
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Examples of promoting health in nursing
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Improving nutrition and physical fitness
Preventing drug and alcohol misuse Restricting smoking Preventing accidents and injury in the home and workplace |
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The goal of illness prevention programs is
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To maintain optimal health by preventing disease
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Nursing activities that prevent illness include
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Immunizations
PRenatal and infant care Prevention of sexually transmitted disease |
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Restoring health focuses on
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The ill client, and extends from early detection of disease through recovery
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Restoring health activities include
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Providing direct care to the ill person
Performing diagnostic and assessment procedures Consulting with other health care professionals Teaching clients about recovery activities Rehabilitating clients to their optimal functional level |
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Caring for the dying involves
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Comforting and caring for people of all ages who are dying
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Nursing Standards of Practice describe
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Teh responsibilities for which nurses are accountable
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Standards of Professional Development describe
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Behaviors expected in the professional nursing role
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Roles and functions of nurses are
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Caregiver
communicator Teacher Client advocate Counselor Change agent Leader Manager Case manager Research consumer |
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Brenner's Stages of Nursing Expertise
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1 Novice
2 Advanced Beginner 3 Competent 4 Proficient 5 Expert |
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Nursing Education, Research, and Evidence-Based Practice
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Chapter 2
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2 Goals of Nursing Research
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To improve nursing care
To develop theory and scientific nursing knowledge |
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Nursing research is of two major categories
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Quantitative
Qualitative |
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Quantitative research
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Systematic, logical steps
Specific plan Controlled conditions Statistical analysis |
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Qualitative research
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Naturalistic inquiry
Exploring human experience Indentifying themes adn patterns |
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The Research Process involves
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Problem area identification
Formulation of a Problem Statement Proposing research questions Data management Analysis of results Dissemination of Results |
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In research, the Protection of Rights of Human Subjects includes
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Right not to be harmed
Right to full disclosure Right to self-determination Right to privacy and confidentiality |
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Nursing Theories and Conceptual Frameworks
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Chapter 3
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The Nursing Theory
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Provides a foundation for nursing knowledge and gives direction to nursing practice
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Theories are used to
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Describe, predict, and control phenomena
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Conceptual Framework
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A group of related ideas, statements, or concepts
AKA Conceptual model and Grand theories |
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Concepts
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Abstract ideas or mental images of phenomena or reality
Often called "building blocks" of theories Ex. mass, energy, ego, id |
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Paradigm
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A pattern of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world
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Metaparadigm
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Concepts that can be superimposed on other concepts
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The four major metaparadigms in nursing:
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Person/Client
Environment Health Nursing |
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Client metaparadigms:
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The client is the recipient of nursing care
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Environment metaparadigms:
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The internal and external surroundings that affect the client
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Health metaparadigms:
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The degree of wellness ro well-being that the client experiences
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Nursing metaparadigms:
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The attributes, characteristics, and actions of teh nurse providing care on behalf of, or in conjunction with the client
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The metaparadigm of nursing is focused on
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Articulating relationships among the four major concepts of person, environment, health, and nursing
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Nursing Theory is
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The system of ideas proposed to explain a given phenomenon
An attempt to explain relationships between concepts A way to conceptualize centeral interests of a discipline |
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Purposes of the Nursing Theory
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A link between nursing theory, education, research and clinical practice
Contributes to knowledge development Directs education, research and practice |
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Florence Nitengale's Environmental Theory
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The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery
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Maslow's Heirarchy of Needs Theory
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Psychological needs
Safety needs Love needs Esteem needs Sefl-actualization needs |
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Legal Aspects of Nursing
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Chapter 4
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The law and nursing
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Nurses have a responsibility to understand the current legal and ethical guidelines that govern client care
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Nurse Practice Acts (NPA)
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Define and describe the scope of nursing practice-license level
Control practice through licensing Each state has a NPA Goal is to protect the public |
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Standards of Care
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Policies and procedures that define standards for nursing care as set forth by nation and state
Skills and learning commonly possessed by members of a profession |
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Standards of Care purpose
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To protect the consumer
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Standards of Care are of two main types:
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Internal Standards
External Standards |
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Internal Standards of Care
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Job description
Education Expertise Institutional policies and procedures |
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External Standards of Care
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Nurse Practice Acts (NPA)
Professional organizations Nursing specialty-practice organizations Federal organizations Federal guidelines (JCAHO) |
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Standards of Nursing Practice
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Guidelines for providing and evaluating care to ensure high quality care
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Standards of Nursing Practice
Two main categories: |
Standards of Care
Standards of Professional Performance |
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Standards of Practice
Standards of Care |
The skills and learning commonly posessed by members of a profession
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Standards of Practice
Standards of Care List |
Assessment
Diagnosis Outcome identification Planning Inplementation Evaluation |
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Standards of Practice
Standards of Professional Performance |
Quality of care
Performance appraisal Education Collegality Ethics Collaboration Research Resource utilization |
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Informed Concent
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An agreement by a client to accept a course of treatment or a procedure after being provided complet information, including the benefits and risks of treatment, alternatives to the treatment, and prognosis if not treated by a health care provider
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Informed Concent requires that
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Concent must be voluntary
Concent must be given by a client or individual with the capacity to understand |
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Expressed Concent
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Either an oral or written agreement
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Implied Concent
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The individual's nonverbal behavior indicates agreement
Positioning for a procedure Medical emergency because of physical condition |
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Informed Concent Exceptions
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Concent cannot be provided by:
A person under age 18 An unconscious or severly injured person a mentally ill person -A parent or legal gardian or representative must provide or refuse consent in these cases |
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Informed Concent requires that
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The client gave consent voluntarilly
The signature is authentic The client appears competent to give concent |
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Good Samaritan Acts
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Protect health care providers providing assistance at an emergency scene against claims of malpractice
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Good Samaritan Acts
Guidelines for Nurses |
Limit actions to those normally considered first aid
Do not perform actions that you do not know how to do Offer assistance, but do not insist Have someone call or go for additional help Do not leave the scene until the injured person leaves or another qualified person takes over Do not accept any compensation |
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Negligence is
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Misconduct or practice that is below the standards expected of an ordinary, reasonable, and prudent person
Places another person at risk of harm Applies to anyone |
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Malpractice is
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Negligence that occurred while the person was performing as a professional
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Elements of Malpractice
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Duty
Breach of duty Forseeability Causation Harm or injury Damages |
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Examples of Malpractice
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Failure to follow standards of care
Failure to use equipment responsibly Failure to communicate Failure to document Failure to assess and monitor Failure to act as a patient advocate |
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Incident Report
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An agency record of an accident or unusual occurrence
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Incident Reports include
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Client ID
Date, time, place Facts Client's account Witnesses Equipment, medication, dosage |
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Steps to minimize the chance of Liability
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Promptly adn accurately document all assessments and care
Be alert when ijplementing interventions Perform procedures correctly and appropriately Administer the right medication by Dose, Route, Time, Client Delegate appropriately Protect clients from injury Report all incidents Check any orders in question Know own strengths and weaknesses Maintain clinical competence |
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Values, Ethics, and Advocacy
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Chapter 5
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Cognitive Development
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Ability to make decisions develops over the lifespan
Reasoning is a cognitive function Moral decisions require persons to think and reason |
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Values are
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Enduring beliefs or attitudes about the worth of a person, object, idea or action
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Values may be
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Spoken
Unspoken Subconscious |
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Values underlie
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All moral dilemmas
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Values influence
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decisions and actions including nurses' ethical decision making
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Moral Development is
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The process of learning differences between right and wrong
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Moral Developmet begins
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In childhood and continues through life
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Moral Development theories provide
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Frameworks to view and clarify moral and ethical dilemmas
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Code of Ethics provide a formal statement of
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A groups ideals and values
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Code of Ethics serves as a standard for
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Professoinal actions
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Code of Ethics provides ethical standards for
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Professional behavior
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Moral Principles are
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Statements about broad, general, philosophical concepts such as autonomy and justice
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Moral Principles provide
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The foundation for moral rules
-Specific prescriptions for actions |
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8 Major Moral Principles
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Autonomy-own decision making
Nonmaleficence-do no harm Beneficence-doing good Justice-fareness Fidelity-faithful to promises Veracity-tell the truith Accountability-answerable to self Responsibility-to duties and roles |
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An Advocate is one who
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Expresses and defends the needs of another
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Three values basic to Client Advocacy
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The client is a holistic, autonomous being who can make choices
Clients have the right to expect a fulfilling nurse-client relationship The nurse has a responsibility to ensure the client has access to health care services that meet healt needs |
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Advanced Directives are
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Written documents specifying what interventions should be done if the client is unable to express himself
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