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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Active immunity
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a resistance of the body to infection in which the host produces its own antibodies in response to natural or artificial antigens
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Acute infection
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those that generally appear suddenly or last a short time
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Airborne precautions
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methods used to reduce exposure to infectious agents transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei smaller than 5 microns
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Airborne transmission
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infectious agent transmitted by droplets or dust
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Antibodies
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immunoglobulins, part of the body's plasma proteins, defend primarily against the extracellular phases of bacterial and viral infections
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Antigen
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a substance capable of inducing the formation of antibodies
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Antiseptics
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agents that inhibit the growth of some microorganisms; limits growth and transportation
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Asepsis
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freedom from infection or infectious material
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Autoantigen
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an antigen that originates in a person's own body
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Bacteremia
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bacteria in the blood
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Bacteria
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the most common infection-causing microorganisms
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Bacteriocins
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substances produced by some normal flora (e.g., enterobacteria), that can be lethal to related strains of bacteria
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Bloodborne pathogens
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those microorganisms carried in blood and body fluids that are capable of infecting other persons with serious and difficult to treat viral infections, namely hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and HIV
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Body substance isolation
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generic infection control precautions for all clients except those with diseases transmitted through the air
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Carrier
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a person or animal that harbors a specific infectious agent and serves as a potential source of infection, yet does not manifest any clinical signs of disease
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Cellular immunity
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also known as cell-mediated defenses, occur through the T-cell system
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Chemotaxis
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the action by which leukocytes are attracted to injured cells
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Chronic infection
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infection that occurs slowly, over a very long period, and may last months or years
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Cicatrix
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scar
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Clean
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free of potentially infectious agents
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Colonization
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the presence of organisms in body secretions or excretions in which strains of bacteria become resident flora but do not cause illness
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Communicable disease
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a disease that can spread from one person to another
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Compromised host
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any person at increased risk for an infection
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Contact precautions
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methods used to reduce exposure to infectious agents easily transmitted by direct client contact or by contact with items in the client's environment
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Cultures
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laboratory cultivations of microorganisms in a special growth medium
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Diapedesis
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the movement of blood corpuscles through a blood vessel wall
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Dirty
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denotes the likely presence of microorganisms, some of which may be capable of causing infection
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Disease
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an alteration in body function resulting in a reduction of capacities or shortening of the normal life span
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Disinfectants
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agents that destroy pathogens other than spores
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Droplet nuclei
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residue of evaporated droplets that remains in the air for long periods of time
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Droplet precautions
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methods used to reduce exposure to infectious agents transmitted by particle droplets larger than 5 microns
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Emigration
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process in which leukocytes move through the blood vessel wall into the affected tissue spaces
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Endogenous
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developing from within
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Exogenous
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developing from without
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Exudate
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material, such as fluid and cells, that has escaped from blood vessels during the inflammatory process and is deposited in tissue or on tissue surfaces
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Fibrinogen
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a plasma protein that is converted to fibrin when it is released into the tissues and, together with thromboplastin and platelets, forms an interlacing network making a barrier to wall off an area
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Fibrous (scar) tissue
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connective tissue repair of wounds with tissue that can proliferate under conditions of ischemia and altered pH
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Fungi
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infection-causing microorganisms that include yeasts and molds
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Granulation tissue
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young connective tissue with new capillaries formed in the wound healing process
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Humoral immunity
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antibody-mediated defense; resides ultimately in the B lymphocytes and is mediated by the antibodies produced by B cells
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Hyperemia
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increased blood flow to an area
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Iatrogenic infections
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infections that are the direct result of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures
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Immunity
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a specific resistance of the body to infection; it may be natural, or resistance developed after exposure to a disease agent
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Infection
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the disease process produced by microorganisms
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Inflammation
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local and nonspecific defensive tissue response to injury or destruction of cells
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Isolation
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practices that prevent the spread of infection and communicable disease
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Leukocytes
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white blood cells
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Leukocytosis
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an increase in the number of white blood cells
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Local infection
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an infection that is limited to the specific part of the body where the microorganisms remain; S&S redness, swelling, pain, heat, exudate, loss of body function
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Macrophages
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large phagocytes
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Margination
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the aggregating or lining up of substances along a surface or edge (eg, the lining up of white blood cells against the wall of a blood vessel during the inflammatory process)
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Medical asepsis
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all practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to a specific area, limiting the number, growth, and spread of microorganisms
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Nonspecific defenses
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bodily defenses that protect a person against all microorganisms, regardless of prior exposure
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Nosocomial infections
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infections associated with the delivery of health care services in a health care facility
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Occupational exposure
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skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that may result from the performance of an employee's duties
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Opportunistic pathogen
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a microorganism causing disease only in a susceptible individual
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Passive immunity
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a resistance of the body to infection in which the host receives natural or artificial antibodies produced by another source
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Pathogenicity
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the ability to produce disease; a pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease
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Phagocytes
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cells that ingest microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles
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Regeneration
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renewal, regrowth, the replacement of destroyed tissue cells by cells that are identical or similar in structure and function
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Reservoir
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a source of microorganisms
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Resident flora
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microorganisms that normally reside on the skin, mucous membranes, and inside the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts
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Sepsis
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the presence of pathogenic organisms or their toxins in the blood or body tissues
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Septicemia
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occurs when bacteremia results in systemic infection
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Specific (immune) defenses
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immune functions directed against identifiable bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other infectious agents
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Sterile field
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a specified area that is considered free from microorganisms
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Sterile technique/Surgical asepsis
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practices that keep an area or object free of all microorganisms; destroys pathogens and spores; S&S- fever, chills, increased pulse and resp. low energy, anorexia, high wbc count (virus has low wbc count)
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Sterilization
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a process that destroys all microorganisms, including spores and viruses
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Systemic infection
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when pathogens spread and damage different parts of the body
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Universal precautions (UP)
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techniques to be used with all clients to decrease the risk of transmitting unidentified pathogens; currently, Standard Precautions incorporate UP and BSI
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Vector-borne transmission
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a vector is an animal or flying or crawling insect that serves as an intermediate means of transporting the infectious agent
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Vehicle-borne transmission
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a vehicle is any substance that serves as an intermediate means to transport and introduce an infectious agent into a susceptible host through a suitable portal of entry
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Virulence
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ability to produce disease
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Viruses
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nucleic acid-based infectious agents
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