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182 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Molecules which contain _______ are organic, whereas those without _________ are inorganic molecules.
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carbon, carbon
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What are the 8 levels of structural organization within the human body? (smallest-->largest)
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subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissue, organs, organ systems
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T/F Protons and neutrons are found in the orbitals of an atom, while electrons fill the nucleus of an atom.
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False, protons and neutrons are in the nucleus, electrons are in the orbitals.
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T/F Atoms are different because of their arrangement of subatomic particles.
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True
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C.H.N.O.P.S. is an acronym for the atoms that play a major structural and functional role in the body. What are the names of the 6 (six) atoms?
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur
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While _______ is the most abundant atom, _______ is the heaviest atom in the body.
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hydrogen, oxygen
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In the structure of an atom, the first orbital can hold _____ electrons while each orbitals of that can hold ______ electrons.
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2, 8
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Carbohydrates contain carbon. Therefore, carbohydrates are _______ molecules.
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organic
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The atoms found in carbohydrates are _______, _______, and ______ and the general formula for it is: _________
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen; CH20
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T/F There must be water in the body in order for excess carbohydrates to be stored as lipids. This is due to the fact that carbohydrates are water-soluble.
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True
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The two types of CHOs are simple and complex. Simple carbohydrates contain ______________ and ______________, while complex carbohydrates contain ______________.
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simple: monosaccharides, disaccharides
complex: polysaccharides |
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T/F Fat is soluble in water and that is why these two products mix so well together.
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False
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_________ investigates the structure of the body whereas _________ investigates the functions.
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anatomy, physiology
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Isotopes are different from atoms because of the difference in the number of __________ they each contain.
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neutrons
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The ability to sustain long-term exercise is directly related to how much _________ is in the body.
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glycogen
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_________ is the main storage form of carbohydrates and excess CHOs are stored as ________.
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glycogen, lipids
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Glycogen is commonly stored in two parts of the body, the _______ or in _________ ________.
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liver, skeletal muscle
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The idea that there is an imbalance in the energy equation balance is related to ________, and can also be seen as putting more calories into the body than those which are burned during activity.
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obesity
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T/F Carbohydrates are not intended to be stored for long periods of time.
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True
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Macronutrients consist of ______, _________, and ________.
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CHOs, proteins, lipids
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Fill in the blank: Gas is to a car as ______ is to the body (they both act as fuel)
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ATP
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While there are two types of carbohydrates (simple and complex), there are ___ types of lipids, ________ (_________ and _________), __________, and __________.
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3: simple (saturated & unsaturated), compound, derived
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A kilocalorie is a measure of the amount of ______ given off.
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heat
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T/F 1 kilogram (kg)=2.2 pounds.
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True
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List two reasons mentioned in class as to why fat is good for the body.
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1) Fat is good for the body because it burns twice as many calories as CHOs
2) CHOs need water, water=weight |
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95% of all the fats in the body/consumed in diet are in the form of _________ __________.
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triglyceride molecules
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We can distinguish between the 2 types of fatty acids because __________ fatty acids have a single bond, whereas ___________ fatty acids have a double bond.
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saturated, unsaturated
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The most significant menopausal change can result in the loss of _____ of ______.
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1/3, bone
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The two compartment model of the human body takes a look at total body weight, specifically ____ _____ weight and _____-______ _______ weight.
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fat mass, fat-free mass
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Three components of fat mass weight are: ________ ____, _______ ______, and ____-_______ _____.
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storage fat, essential fat, & sex-specific fat
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T/F Underwater weighing (hydrostatic) is the "gold standard" method for determining body composition.
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True
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T/F Prokaryotes are the simple cells in our bodies which contain mainly just a membrane and fluid environment.
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True
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________ are the major type of cell found within the human body.
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Eukaryotes
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The three main parts to a cell include ____ __________, _________ and ___________, and _________.
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cell membrane, cytoplasm & organelles, and nucleus
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What percentage of a membrane is protein? lipid?
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protein=60%
lipid=40% |
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_________ is a compound lipid found in the membrane.
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Phospholipid
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The _______ the protein content of a membrane means the _______ the role for that membrane in energy production.
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higher, higher
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What is the main role of a phospholipids?
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making membranes
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T/F The head of a phospholipid is hydrophobic and the tail is hydrophilic.
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False, it's the other way around
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How many types of membrane proteins are there and what are they called?
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2--> integral and peripheral
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What molecule is the identifying marker on the surface of a cell for cell recognition?
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carbohydrates
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T/F The cell membrane structure is a fluid mosaic model, in that it is dynamic and has the potential to change shape; there is NOT a fixed pattern.
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True
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Where is DNA located? RNA?
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DNA is in the cell nucleus
RNA associated with the ribosomes |
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storage and transport of molecules
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endoplasmic reticulum
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substance in which chemical reactions
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cytoplasm
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"packaging plant" inside cell
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golgi apparatus
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garbage collection system
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lysosomes
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energy, ATP production
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mitochondria
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intracelular guide
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microtubules
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protein synthesis
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ribosomes occur
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allows particle movement along surface
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cilia
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allows for movement of cell, sperm
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flagella of cell
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T/F Mitochondria are non-membranous structures whereas ribosomes are double-membrane structures, consisting of an inner and outer membrane.
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False, its the other way around.
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Which membrane of the mitochondria, inner or outer, has a higher protein concentration and is involved in chemical reactions?
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inner membrane
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What are the eleven systems of the body?
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integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive
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My toes are _______ to my stomach.
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inferior
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My ears are ________ to my nose.
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lateral
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My heart is ________ to my skin.
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deep
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My tailbone is _________ to my pelvis.
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posterior
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My skull is __________ to my knees.
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superior
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My pelvis is __________ to my tailbone.
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anterior
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My upper arm is _______ to my forearm.
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proximal
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What is anatomy?
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scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure
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What is physiology?
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scientific discipline that investigates the processes or functions of living things
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What are the levels of structural organization within the human body?
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chemical (atomic & molecular), organelle & cellular, tissue, organ, systems
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What are some examples of different body systems?
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integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive
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The terms proximal and distal are used in reference to what?
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appendages
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Which three categories fall under the chemical level in the structural organization?
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subatomic particles, atoms, molecules
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What are the three types of subatomic particles?
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protons, neutrons, and electrons
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What are the different types of atoms that play a major role both structurally and functionally? (HINT: chnops)
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carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and other
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Which two categories fall under the cellular level of structural organization?
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organelle and cell
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Carbon has ____ protons, ____ electrons, and ____ neutrons. The _______ and _______ are located in the nucleus and the _______ are located in the orbitals. The first orbital of any atom can contain ____ electrons and each additional orbital can have a maximum of ____ electrons. Therefore, carbon can have ____ interactions with other atoms.
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6,6,6,protons, neutrons, electrons, 2,8,4
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Oxygen is composed of ____ protons, ____ neutrons, and ____ electrons and thus can have ____ interactions.
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8,8,8,2
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Hydrogen is composed of ____ protons and _____ electrons and thus can have ____ interactions.
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1,1,1
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Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen are all chemically _________.
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reactive
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Hydrogen contains what percent of body weight and what percent of all atoms in the body?
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9.5
63 |
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Carbon contains what percent of body weight and what percent of all atoms in the body?
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18.5
9.5 |
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Nitrogen contains what percent of body weight and what percent of all atoms in the body?
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3.3
1.4 |
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Oxygen contains what percent of body weight and what percent of all atoms in the body?
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65
25.5 |
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Of these four elements (c,h,n, & o) the total percent of body weights is ______ and therefore phosphorus, sulfur and others make up the balance.
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96.3
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Of c,h,n, & o the total percent of all atoms in the body is _____ and therefore phosphorus, sulfur and other make up the balance.
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99.5
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How are molecules formed?
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When two or more atoms combine
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What are the three types of molecular bonds?
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covalent, ionic, and hydrogen
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The study of chemicals or molecules which contain carbon is called what?
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organic chemistry
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The study of chemicals or molecules that do not contain carbon is called what?
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inorganic chemistry
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The five types of molecules we are studying are?
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carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and other (vitamins, minerals, and water)
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Which three of these 5 molecules are considered energy nutrients?
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carbs, lipids and proteins
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What is the recommended daily caloric intake?
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2000-2200 cal/day (varies)
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What is the minimum number of calories needed to sustain vital organ function?
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1200 cal/day (varies)
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What percentage of your calories should be carbs? lipids? proteins?
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carbs: 60-65
lipids: 30 or less proteins: 15-20 |
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What is an essential nutrient?
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nutrients that the body cannot synthesize and we therefore must ingest
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What is a non-essential nutrient?
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nutrients that the body can produce
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In what year did the federal government pass the Dietary Supplemental Health and Education Act (DSHEA)?
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1994
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What three things did the DSHEA change?
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1. supplements became a new food group
2. supplements don't have to be scrutinized by the FDA before selling them 3. people can make claims about their product that they don't have to prove |
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Are carbs organic or inorganic?
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organic (they contain carbon)
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What three atoms do carbs contain?
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carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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What percent of body weight do carbs compose?
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1%
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What is the chemical formula for glucose?
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C(6)H(12)O(6)
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Which two major parts of our body live almost exclusively off of glucose/carbs?
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brain and spinal cord
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What are the two subclassifications of carbs?
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simple and complex
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Simple carbs can consist of 1 or 2 molecules which are called _____________ and ______________.
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monosaccharide, disaccharide
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Table sugar is called ________ and is _________ + __________.
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sucrose: glucose + fructose
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Milk sugar is called ________ and is _________ + __________.
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lactose: glucose + galactose
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Malt sugar is called _________ and is _________ + ___________.
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maltose: glucose + glucose
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Complex carbs consist of more than 2 CHO and is called what?
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polysaccharide
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Do you need more simple or complex sugars?
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complex
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What are the primary carb sources?
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starch and sugars in foods of plant origin and from glycogen in meats.
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Taking small carb molecules and building large structures (building tissue and mass) is called what?
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anabolic (steroids)
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Breaking down large structures to molecules is called what?
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catabolic
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Anabolic + catabolic= __________?
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metabolism
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What is co-morbidity?
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sickness that follows obesity
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In which disease does the pancreas not produce insulin or the body not regulate sugar (problem with carb metabolism)?
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diabetes
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How many diabetics have Type I diabetes (juvenile onset diabetes)?
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1/10
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How many diabetics have Type II diabetes (formerly called adult onset)?
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9/10
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What is the recommended daily amount of carbs for adults in grams? Percent of total caloric intake?
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275-300 grams
55-60% |
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What is the main function of carbs?
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energy source
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The storage of muscle glycogen (carbs) is direcly related to what?
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carb intake
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Muscle glycogen level dictates what?
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ability to exercise
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Any excess nutrients are turned into what?
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fat
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What percent of a cell's structure is carb?
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1-4%
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One pint of water weighs what?
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1 pound
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What percent of body weight are lipids for an average college aged male? Female?
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15%
25% |
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Which three molecules compose lipids?
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carbon, hydrogen, and oxgen
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What are the subclassifications of lipids?
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simple, compound, derived
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What are the two types of fatty acids?
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saturated and unsaturated
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Saturated simple lipids have _______ bonds between carbon atoms and are typically found in _______ products: egg yolk, dairy fats, and shellfish. Every carbon has at least ____ hydrogens associated with it.
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single, animal, 2
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Unsaturated simple lipids have ______ bonds between carbon atoms and are typically found in ______ sources. At least ______ carbon in the backbone has only _____ hydrogen associated with it.
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double, plant, 1, 1
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_______ lipids are solid at room temperature and _________ lipids are liquid at room temperature.
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saturated, unsaturated
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What are simple lipids primarily used for?
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energy
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What are compound lipids used for?
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making anatomical structures
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Compound lipids have a ______ string tail and one of the most common are __________.
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2, phospholipids
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What are derived lipids used for?
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regulation of bodily functions
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_________, like testosterone and progesterone, are derived lipids.
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hormones
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95% of all dietary fats are in the form of __________ molecules.
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triglyceride
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Triglycerides consist of a glycerol molecule (head), and _______ fatty acid molecules (tails).
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3
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The head of a triglyceride molecule is water-loving, or _________, and the tails are water-hating, or __________.
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hydrophilic, hydrophobic
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What are the two types of unsaturated fatty acids?
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monounsaturated
polyunsaturated |
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Monounsaturated fatty acids have _______ double bond and polyunsaturated have ________ double bonds.
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1, multiple
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[C(16):1]9 this notation means that there are ______ carbon atoms, ______ double bond, and it occurs after the ______ carbon molecule.
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16, 1, 9th
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[C(18):3]9,12,15 this notation means that there are _____ carbon atoms, _______ double bond, and it occurs after the ____,_____, and _____ carbon molecules.
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18,3, 9th,12th, and 15th
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______ fatty acids are a type of unsaturated (mono or poly) fat that are neither required nor beneficial.
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trans
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______-___ fatty acids are polyunsaturated fats that are good for you and are often found in _________.
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omega-3, fish
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What is the recommended daily amount of lipids in grams for adults?
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80-100 grams
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Fat is the ideal ______ source because each molecule carries large quantities of energy per unit weight.
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energy
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While the body needs extra ______ to store carbs, lipids do not require this.
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water
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Your ______-______ ______ is your amount of weight besides fat.
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fat-free mass
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An average college female weighing 140 pounds would have ______ pounds of fat and therefore _______ pounds of lean body mass/fat-free mass)
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35
105 |
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An average college male weighing 185 pounds would have ______ pounds of fat and therefore _______ pounds of lean body mass/fat-free mass.
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27.75
157.25 |
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Fats serve as a hunger depressant because they have the slowest _________ process.
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digestion
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Fat is wet/dry tissue?
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dry
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What are the four fat-soluble vitamins that are transported by dietary fats?
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A,D,E,K
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Of carbs, lipids, and proteins, ________ have the fastest digestion process, ________ a medium process, and _____ the slowest.
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carbs, proteins, lipids
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While carbs play a minimal role in cell structure, lipids compose what percent of cell structure?
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40-45%
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While an average college male has 15% fat, the essential is what percent? Females?
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3%
10-12% |
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In the first 5 years of post-menopausal, women can lose up to ______ of bone density.
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1/3
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_______ is the most metabolically active tissue in the body which means that it burns calories.
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muscle
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About what percent of body weight do proteins consist?
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17%
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Which type of molecule is unique in proteins?
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nitrogen
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The building blocks of proteins are __________ ________, of which there are ______ different kinds used to make protein.
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amino acids
20 |
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There are 8 _______ amino acids, which means they must be obtained through diet. This means that there are _____ non-essential amino acids that can be synthesized by the body.
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essential
12 |
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A _______ protein contains all of the essential amino acids whereas an ________ protein does not contain all the essential amino acids.
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complete
incomplete |
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What are the four subclassifications of proteins?
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primary, secondary, tertiary, quarernary
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Which type of proteins do enzymes fall under?
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tertiary or quarternary
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________ speed up chemical reactions.
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enzymes
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What are the four types of indirect methods for assessing body composition?
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underwater weighing, bod pod, skinfold analysis and bioelectric impedance analysis
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Which type of test is considered to be the "gold standard"?
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underwater weighing
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For an adult, the recommended daily amount of protein is _____g/kg of body weight, but is ______g/kg of body weight for athletes.
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0.8
1.0-1.2 |
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What percentage of energy per day comes from breakdown of protein?
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10-15%
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What percent of body weight is made up of nucleic acids?
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2%
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Similar to the way amino acids form proteins, __________ are the building blocks for nucleic acids.
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nucleotides
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What are the two types of nucleic acids?
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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
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_______ make up a small percentage of body weight, act as __________ in metabolic reactions, and are _________ molecules.
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vitamins
coenzymes organic |
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What are the two subclassifications of vitamins?
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fat soluble
water soluble |
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Minerals constitute what percent of total body weight?
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4%
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What percent of minerals are stored in the bones?
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96%
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Minerals do not contain ________ which means they are inorganic.
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carbon
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What is the most common mineral in the body?
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calcium
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What percent of body weight is water?
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60-65%
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The atoms that compose water are _________ and ________.
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hydrogen, oxygen
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_________ water is that which is inside the cell and constitutes 30-40%. __________ water is that which is outside the cell and is 60-70%
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intracellular
extracellular |
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________ is a condition opposite of dehydration in which the __________ level in the body drops and you consume too much water.
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hyponatremia
sodium |
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ATP and NADH(2) are sources of ________.
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energy
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