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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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America Unified
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there was an incredible unity of opinion about WWII after the attack on Pearl Harbor
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America's two defenses against the Japanese
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1: General Douglas MacArthur would move North from Australia, through New Guinea and back to the Philippines 2: Admiral Chester Nimitz would move west from Hawaii toward major Japanese outposts in the central pacific
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Battle At Midway
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May 7-8, 1942: first allied victory in the Battle of Coral Sea (turned back the Japanese fleet)
June 3-6, 1942: 4 day battle at Midway Island.....U.S. was clearly victorious and regained control of the Pacific |
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Guadalcanal
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America took the offensive in the Southern Solomon Islands
-assaulted 3 islands: Gavutu, Tulagi, Guadalcanal -Japanese forced to abandon islands |
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Guadalcanal
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America took the offensive in the Southern Solomon Islands
-assaulted 3 islands: Gavutu, Tulagi, Guadalcanal -Japanese forced to abandon islands |
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General George C. Marshall's preferred plan for war
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wanted to plan a major allied invasion of France across the English Channel
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British plan for war
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Britain wanted to launch an allied attack around the edges of Germany
-Roosevelt supported this plan because he wanted to maintain good relations w/ Churchill |
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War in Africa
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when the allies invaded German territories in Africa, the German Army went all-in in Africa and defeated Am. troops at the Kasserine Pass in Tunisia
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General George S. Patton's role in the war in Africa
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-regrouped the troops and began a successful counteroffensive
-Am. troops finally won in May 1943 |
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Stalingrad
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-Winter 1942-1943: Soviets held off z German assault at Stalingrad in Russia
-hitler lost so many troops that he could not continue his eastern offensive -VICTORY AT STALINGRAD CONVINCED ROOSEVELT TO AGREE TO BRITISH PLAN FOR AN ALLIED INVASION OF SICILY |
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Cost of victory at Stalingrad
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-German attack decimated the civillian population and devestated the countryside
-Soviet Union suffered the most of any war nation |
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Invasion of Sicily
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July 9, 1943- Am. and Br. troops land in Sicily (conquered island in 38 days and moved inward toward mainland)
-Mussolini's gov't collapsed and he fled to northern Germany -June 4, 1944: allies capture Rome |
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Pietro Badaglio
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-Mussolini successor
-committed Italy to the allies but Germany moved 8 divisions into the country just south of Rome |
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Soviet feelings after invasion of Italy
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-invasion of Italy postponed invasion of France by a year (Russians were left alone in France to fend for themselves)
-Russians thought Br. and Am. leaders were deliberately delaying the invasion of France |
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America and the Holocaust
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-public pressure started to grow for the allies to take action against he Holocaust
-American gov't consistently avoided taking action -U.S. also turned away Jews who were trying to come into the country -after 1941, there was not much the U.S. could do to stop the Holocaust except defeat the Germans |
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War-Induced Economic Recovery
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-WWII ended the Great Depression
-War stimulated federal spending -personal incomes greatly increased |
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Henry Kaiser
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-steered billions of dollars into vast capital projects in the west
-created centers for shipbuilding, steel, magnesium, aluminum production -Pacific coast became center for growing Am. aircraft industry |
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Union Gains
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-civilian workforce increased 20%
-many women and children now worked -war boosted union membership from 10.5 million to 13 million |
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"No Strike Pledge"
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-unions agreed not to stop production during wartime
-gov't created restrictions on the ability of unions to fight to for demans during war -gov't wanted to prevent inflation and keep production going |
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Union Gains
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-civilian workforce increased 20%
-many women and children now worked -war boosted union membership from 10.5 million to 13 million |
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Anti-Inflation Act
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-passed in October 1942
-gave the OPA the authority to freeze agricultural prices, wages, salaries, and rents |
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Office of Price Administration
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-OPA was responsible for enforcing the provisions of the Anti-Inflation Act
-worked pretty well but people were angry over its control of wages and prices -people hated the complicated system of rationing consumer goods |
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War Production Board
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-WPB was a "superagency" with broad powers over the economy (never actually won control of military purchases)
-mainly gave contracts to alrge corporations -very ineffective and Roosevelt transferred most of its power to the Office of War Mobilization) |
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Donald Nelson
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-in charge of the War Production's Board
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National Defense Research Committee
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-First years of war: all technological advances seemed to lie with Germans and Japanese
-U.S.had advantages of mass production of airplanes, ships, tanks, etc -by 1942: allied weaponry was as advanced and more plentiful than the enemy |
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Vannevar Busch
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-MIT scientist who headed the National Defense Research Committee
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Radar and Sonar
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-helped allied naval forces decimate German U-Boats in 1943
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Centrimetric Radar
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-made radar more effective and more efficient
-able to be used in planes and submarines |
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Four-Engine Bombers
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-by 1942: Americans and British took over air war by producing new nad powerful four-engine bombers
-planes able to fly higher and longer than German planes thus allowing extended bombings over Germany |
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ULTRA
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-top-secret British project that helped gather information about the enemy
-able to steal German and Japanese intelligence devices which allowed them to decipher coded Japanese and German messages |
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MAGIC
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-American counterpart to ULTRA
-used an machine called "Purple" to decipher Japanes codes |
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Fair Employment Practices Commission
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-created by Roosevelt to investigate discrimination against blacks in war industries
-more a symbolic victory than anything else |
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Congress of Racial Equality
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-CORE: mobilized mass popular resistance to discrimination
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Code-Talkers
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-Native Americans spoke thier own language over the radios
-enemies could not figure out the language |
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Native American Changes
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-Civillian Native Americans- many left reservations to find work or join military service
-many stayed in white society after war because of the material benefits -unity felt during WWII increased pressure to end the reservation system |
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Braceros
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-contract laborers allowed into the U.S. for a limited time to work specific jobs (braceros were from Mexico)
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Zoot-Suit Riots
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-animosity toward zoot-suiters caused a 4 dayb riot in LA
-white sailors stationed at a base in Long Beach invaded Mexican communites and attacked zoot-suiters -gov't eventually outlawed zoot-suits in LA in response to the riot |
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Increase in Female Employment
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-number of women in workforce increased 60%
-most working women were married or older than the working women of the past -many women entered into industrial work force to replace male workers serving in the miltary |
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Rosie the Riveter
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-symbolized the new importance of the female industrial work force
-women joined unions -helped erode some prejudices toward workingwomen |
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Government Girls
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-women who started to work in government jobs
-typically clerks, typists, and secretaries |
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Anti-Japanese Prejudice
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-many white Ameicans considered Japanese living in U.S. so foreign that they could never be "real" Americans
-people thought that they were a threat: especially after Pearl Harbor |
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"Relocation Centers"
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-February 1942- Roosevelt authorized the miltary to "intern" the Japanese Americans
-more than 100,000 Japanese Americans moved |
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Korematsu v. U.S.
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-1944: Supreme court ruled that relocation was permissible
-barred the internment of loyal citizens but left the defintion of "loyal" up to the government |
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Chinese Exclusion Acts Repealed
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-WWII improved relations with China
-Congress repealed the Chinese Exclusion Acts in 1943 |
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Dismantling the New Deal
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-late 1943: FDR suggests that the New Deal had served its purpose and it was time to focus on winning the war
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Strategic Bombing
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-early 1944: Am. and Br. bombers attack German industrial installations almsot round the clock
-Allies bombed Leipzig, Dresden, Berlin -Bombing of Dresden destroyed three-quarters of the city, killed 135,000 ppl, and cleared the way for the allied invasion of France |
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D-Day
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-June 6, 1944: General Dwight D. Eisenhower led 3 million troops from England to France
-Germans expected troops to land at the narrowest part of the English channel but Eisenhower had them land on the beaches of Normandy -airplanes and battleships bombarded Nazi defenses while 4,000 vessels landed troops and supplies along the beaches -within a week allied forces drove German forces off Normandy coast |
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Battle of the Bulge
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-allied drive came to a halt at the Rhine River
-German forces struck along 50 miles of front in the Ardennes Forest -Went 55 miles before they were stopped at Bastogne -ended serious German resistance in the west -named for the large bulge that appeared in the American lines when the Germans pressed forward |
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April 30, 1945
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-Hitler kills himself
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May 8, 1945
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-remaining German forces surrender unconditionally (V-E Day)
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Battle of Leyte Gulf
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-June 1944: American armada caprutes Tinian, Guam, Saipan
-October 20, 1944: MacArthur's troops land on Leyte Island (largest naval engagement in history) -U.S. troops managed to sink 4 Japanese carriers and hold off Japanes troops -Feb. 1945: Americans seize Iwo Jima (20,000 marine casualties) |
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Okinawa
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-Last stand for Japanese
-Japanese sent 3500 Kamikaze planes against American and British ships -sent many nighttime attacks -US and allies suffered nearly 50,000 casualties -100,000 Japanese died -Okinawa captured in June 1945 |
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The Manhattan Project
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-1939: reports reached th U.S. saying that Nazi scientists had taken steps toward creating an atomic bomb
-1940: scientists at Columbia began chain reaction experiments with Uranium |
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Enrico Fermi
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-made the construction of the atomic bomb possible by the 1940's because of his discovery of the radioactivity of uranium in the 1930's
-acheived the first ever controlled fission chain reaction in December 1942 |
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J. Robert Oppenheimer
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-director of the Manhattan Project
-he and scientists in Los Alamos were in charge of constructing the actual bomb |
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The Trinity Bomb
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-July 16, 1945- detonated near Alamogordo, New Mexico
-first ever detonation of a plutonium-fueled bomb |
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Debating the Bomb's Use
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-some argue that the use of the atomic bomb was unnecessary
-U.S. should have agreed to survival of the emperor or waited longer because Japan would have surrendered anyway -others felt that nothing less than the atomic bomb would have caused Japanese forces to surrender -others think bombs should not have been used as a matter of morality |
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Hiroshima
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-August 6, 1945: atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima
-completely incinerated a 4-square-mile area -80,000 people dead -others survived but suffered effects of radioactive fallout -passed on effects to children in the form of birth defects |
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Nagasaki
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-August 8, 1945: Soviet union declares war on Japan
-August 9, 1945: U.S. drops another atomic bomb on Nagasaki -100,000 dead |
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Results of Bombings on Japan
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-August 14, 1945: Japanese government announced it was ready to give up
-September 2, 1945: Japanese officials surrendered |
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Results of WWII
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-U.S. came out of WWII in a position of unprecendented power
-322,000 Americans died and another 80,000 were injured |
