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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What 3 things does Aging lead to?
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1: Loss of Adaptability
2:Functional Impairment 3 Death |
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What are the 5 stages of the Aging Process?
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1: Birth to 1 year
2: Childhood 3: Adolescene 4: Adulthood 5:Senescence |
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What do you call the duration of the life of an individual or of a given species?
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Lifespan
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What is Longevity?
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Duration of a particular life beyond the norm for the species
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What is the Average lifespan for humans?
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85years
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Define Mortality?
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Medical term for death
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Define Morbidity?
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Deals with the presence of disease or being in a diseased state
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What is the aging type that is considered true aging, inevitable, programmed?
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Eugeric Aging (Primary)
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What is the aging type that is pathological aging due to disease, the environment, and gene mutations?
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Pathogeric (Secondary)
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What is homeostasis and how is it effected by aging?
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Homeostasis is the capacity to maintain a relatively stable internal environment
With aging there is a decrease in the ability to maintain homeostasis and a increase in reaction time |
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What are the 4 Modern Theories of Aging
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1: Wear and Tear Theory
2: Genetic Theory 3: General Imbalance Theory 4: Accumulation Theory |
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Describe the Wear and Tear Theory?
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Cells and organs wear out with use and cease to function or lose the capacity to regenerate
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Describe the Genetic Theory?
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Genes program aging from birth to death
Ex: Menopause and Puberty |
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Describe the General Imbalance Theory?
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The CNS, Endocrine and Immune Systems fail to function over time
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Describe the Accumulation Theory?
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the functional decline with aging is due to the buildup of substances in the cell
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Name the 4 mechanisms associated with decreases in Max HR with aging?
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1: decreased sensitivity to catecholamines
2: decreased conduction of impulse 3: decrease in # of beta receptors 4: decreases in # of p cells and aging of p cells |
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Name the 4 mechanisms for decrease in a-vo2 difference with aging?
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1: Decrease inCapillary fiber ratio
2: Decreases in Oxidative Enzymes 3: Decrease in Mitochondrial Mass 4: Decrease in Blood Flow |
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Name the 4 mechanisms associated with Vo2 decreases with aging?
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1: Genetics
2: Decrease in Physical Activity Level 3: Decrease in Intensity of Exercise 4: Decrease in Volume of Exercise |
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What is the most common animal model used in aging research and why?
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Rodent Model because lifespan of rodents is typically 2-3 years, the are mammals like us and certain strains are genetically bread so they are genetically the same.
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Caloric Restriction does what to Aging?
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Slows it down, extends lifespan
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What are the 4 categories of Aging?
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1: Total loss of Function
2: Structural Changes/ Partial Loss of Function 3: Reduced Efficiency of Processes or Pathway 4: Altered Control Systems |
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Name the 9 Cardiovascular parameters Affected by Aging?
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1: Venous Return and Stroke Voume
2: Blood Flow 3: Cardiac Compliance 4: Endothelial Dysfunction 5: Na+/ K+ Pump activity 6: Cardiac Muscle and Heart Volume 7: Elasticity of Blood Vessels 8: Myocardial Myosin 9: Sympathetic Stimulation of SA node |
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What is compliance?
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An index of stiffness
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Baroreflex Sensitivity
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Ability to respond and sense pressure and stretch in the artery which triggers vasodialation
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What gene plays a role in vasoconstriction?
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ACE gene
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Structural changes in the heart associated with Aging?
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1: Increase in Wall thickness
2: increase in mitral and aortic valve thickness 3: Myocardial contractial cells contract and get smaller in length 4: decrease in myocytes 5: Increase in size of cells 6: Increase in TG content 7: decrease in stroke volume |
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With Exercise training stimulus in the Ehsani et al. study found that older individuals could see increases in VO2 of what percent?
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13
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What is Arterioscelerosis?
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Hardening of the arteries
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What is Atherosclerosis?
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Deposits of yellow plaques that build up in arteries
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According to the Seal et al. study there was a decrease of about what % in caratid compliance from age 25-75 years?
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40-50%
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With Aging a significant decrease in compliance is due to a increase in what?
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Stiffness
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What is the formula for respiratory compliance?
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Change in Volume/ Change in Pressure
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In healthy folks there is a significant reduction in the respriratory system during what? During Mild-Moderate exercise what happens?
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-Maximal Exercise
-System maintains adequate gas exchange |
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With aging what happens to alveoli and air space size?
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Increases
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What happens to Compliance of Chest Wall? What happens to lung compliance? What happens to total respiratory compliance?
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Decreases
Increases or is unchanged Decreases |
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What happens to residual volume with aging?
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Increases
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What happens to the diffusing capacity of the lung in older individuals? What happens to it at maximal exercise?
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Decreases
Decreases significantly |
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Does Respiratory muscle strength decrease with aging?
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Yes, in both healthy and COPD patients( more significantly in COPD)
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What does aerobic exercise training do to muscular strength?
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1: Increases oxidative enzymes, myoglobin and bigger mitochondria
2:Diaphagm, heart, pherphial muscles all adapt |
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What can respiratory muscle training do?
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Can change respiratory resistance at rest
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What are the mechanisms of how aging effects lung structure?
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1: Decrease in the elasticity of support tissues
2: Decrease in # of alveoli AND increase in size 3: Decrease in number of Pulmonary capillaries |
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What is the result of decreases in elasticity of the support tissues in the lung?
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decrease in lung elastic recoil
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What is the result of decreases in # of alveoli in the lung?
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decreases in diffusing capacity of the lung
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What is the result of decrease in the number of pulmonary capillaries in the lung?
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decrease in ventilation/ perfusion ratio @ rest and exercise
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