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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1.)SKELETAL System functions: 2.)Anything that is weight bearing will place stress on bones; bones aren’t solid, but when placed under mechanical load/stress it causes some elastic ___ 3.)Repeated mechanical loading causes body to adapt as bones get ___
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1.)supports, protects, locomotion; hematopoiesis (formation of RBC’s); storage of calcium & phosphate. 2.)deformation 3.)thicker |
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1.)___is released when blood Ca levels are low; bone resorption takes place as a result & levels increase 2.)__ is released when Ca levels are high; bone deposition takes place & Ca levels decrease. 3.)Between ___mg/dL of Ca is always circulating in blood. |
parathyroid hormone (parathormone) calcitonin 9-11 |
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1.)If too much calcium is in the blood, it is reabsorbed in __ resulting in ___ 2.)vitamin ___assists in calcium absorption; without it, bones are going to be more frail & more likely to break; body synthesizes vitamin___ from sun 3.)bone cells causing resorption of bone tissue 4.)bone cells causing deposition of bone tissue |
kidneys, kidney stones D, D osteoclasts osteoblasts |
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1.)mature osteoblasts surrounded by calcified bone that helps regulate process of bone remodeling 2.)When skeletal muscle isn’t being used, you get more bone ___ 3.)When less estrogen is present, there is an increase in bone ___ |
osteocytes resorption resorption |
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1.). Post-menopausal women stop producing as much estrogen as they did before & as a result, they have an increased risk for___ 2.)is the body always breaking down and building bone 3.)what is deposition 4.)what is resorption |
osteoporosis yes increased calcium decreased calcium |
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1.)low dose x-ray allowing you to look at bone marrow density by regions (head, arm, legs) & see where bone is thicker/thinner than normal. 2.)what 2 things does DEXA measure 3.)Another way to observe bone mineral density is by the ___ 4.)As we age, we slowly lose bone ___ |
DEXA or DXA body fat percentage and bone mineral density Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT). mass |
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1.)From ___, we experience growth phase, followed by consolidation phase (___ yrs), then rapid bone loss phase (___yrs). From___ we experience gradual bone loss. 2.)Women with ___ don’t lose bone mass as fast as females that aren’t on it 3.)___helps in retaining bone instead of losing bone mass. |
0-20, 20-30 yrs, 30-60, 60+ estrogen replacement exercise |
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1.)Peak Bone Mass is INFLUENCED by: 2.)People who continuously break the same bone/different bones are probably not taking in enough __& vitamin __, but also some genetic predisposition. 3.)___is experienced by female athletes that workout too much; stop having menstrual cycles as a result. |
1.): mechanical loading, nutrition, hormonal levels, & genetics. 2.)calcium, vitamin D 3.)amenorrhea |
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1.)Amenorrhea affects bone health due to decrease of ___ produced leading to bone resorption. 2.)___is experienced when in space where there’s no gravity. Since body isn’t using bone, it’s going to rid not only that, but muscle mass as well. 3.)5 Application of Training Principals: |
1.)estrogen 2.)space flight osteopenia 3.)Specificity, Overload, Rest/Recovery/Adaptation, Individualization, Retrogression/Plateau/Reversibility |
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1.)with specificity, Wolffs law states what? 2.)what is overload 3.)what is Rest/Recovery/Adaptation 4.)what does individualization have a lot to do with |
1.)an individuals bones will adapt to whatever stress it is placed under; tests limitations of performance 2.)you need to stress body more than what it’s used to (bench more progressively) 3.)body doesn’t adapt while you are exercising; it recovers & adapts while you are resting 4.)genetics (if a women is amenorrheic, slow everything down) |
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1.)what is Retrogression/Plateau/Reversibility 2.)osteoporosis affects __million Americans 3.)most common fracture sites for people with osteoporosis 4.)different risk factors for osteoporosis |
1.)similar to detraining; if you don’t use what you have, you will lose it to some extent 2.)20 3.)hip, wrist, spine 4.)race, sex, heredity, body build, lack of PA, smoking, sex hormones, Ca intake, alcohol use, & high protein intake. |
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1.)Protein increases __ loss, which is excreted thru urine 2.)You need some level of protein intake to increase muscle mass, but taking in excessive amounts can be detrimental to __ loss. 3.)human body contains about ___skeletal muscles 4.)muscle is about ___% of total body weight (muscle mass is largest organ system in body) |
calcium bone 660 45% |
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1.)functions of skeletal muscle |
1.)force production for locomotion & breathing, force production for postural support, venous return(pump blood to heart), bioenergetic homeostasis during rest and exercise, stores energy, heat production during cold stress, plastic effect |
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1.)what are some of the energy stored in skeletal muscle 2.)what is the plastic effect |
1.)creatine phosphates, glycogen, & fats are stored in muscle to provide energy 2.)has high ability to adapt; when lifting weights for 1st time, muscles may/may not be that strong, but after a few days they seem to get stronger, then after a few months they begin to increase in SIZE! |
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1.)muscle mass is __% water 2.)___negatively affects muscle contraction efficiency due to changes in myofilament lattice spacing. 3.)If lattice shrinks, muscle ___ isn’t as effective.
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75 dehydration contraction
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1.)Without water, what’s left is __% of inorganic salts, pigments, & substrates, & __% of a protein mixture (___% of that are myofibrillar, contractile, regulatory, & structural proteins all used for muscle movement; the other __% is enzymes, membrane proteins, transport channels, & other proteins). 2.)4 skeletal muscle properties |
1.)5, 20, 12, 8 2.)irritability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity
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1.)what is irritability 2.)what is contractility 3.)what is extensibility 4.)what is elasticity |
1.)ability to receive & respond to stimuli 2.)ability to respond to that stimulus by shortening the muscle 3.)skeletal muscle can lengthen/extend/stretch 4.)ability to respond to resting length after being stretched; you can stretch your muscle initially, but it’ll return to resting length after being stretched |
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1.)hierarchy of structure of skeletal muscle 2.)____ (CT) surrounds entire muscle 3.)under the fascia is ___ holding muscle together. 4.)Within epimysium are tons of ___ (muscle fiber bundles) 5.)fascicles are surrounded by ___. |
1.)epimysium, perimysium, fascicle, endomysium, then muscle fiber 2.)fascia 3.)epimysium 4.)fascicles 5.)perimysium |
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1.)The ___ surrounds individual muscle fibers. 2.)explain a muscle fiber 3.)explain myofibrils 4.)what is the sarcolemma 5.)what is the sarcoplasm |
1.)endomysium 2.)individual muscle cell; multinucleated 3.)actin (thin) & myosin (thick) filaments contractile proteins 4.)plasma membrane 5.)cytoplasm |
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1.)what do T tubules (transverse) do 2.)what does the sarcoplasmic recticulum do 3.)what is a sarcomere |
1.)transport of substances throughout the muscle fiber (intracellular fluid) 2.)stores calcium 3.)individual units of a muscle fiber. Overlapping of actin & myosin is visible in dark bands; lighter colored bands are when they don’t overlap. |
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1.)explain the H zone 2.)explain the M-line 3.)what is Z-disc 4.)sarcomere length is from __to __ 5.)contractile proteins & skeletal muscle is in a 3-dimensional form; all of myosin filaments are sticking out in 3D while___ wraps around itself like a string of pearls. Contractile protein (C-protein) keeps ___ tails in line.
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1.)German for “light”, bisected by the M-line 2.)protein which keeps proper spatial orientation in order as the muscle lengthens and shortens 3.)German for “between” 4.)Z-line to Z-line 5.)actin, myosin
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1.)with myosin, each filament has a __ & ___ 2.)the head itself of myosin is split & binds to ___& pulls it 3.)with actin, single molecule is called __ actin; __ actin is actual molecule put together; Filament wraps around itself ___ 4.)The dark bands (A) are basically overlapping of what |
tail, head actin G, F, twice thick (myosin) and thin (actin) myofilaments |
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1.)the light bands (I) are basically what 2.)the M-line is the middle of what? 3.)the sarcomere length varies depending on __ 4.)On top of actin are ___, which is where myosin binds 5.)Normally, the active sites are covered up by ___ when muscles aren’t contracting. |
actin but no myosin sarcomere muscle fiber (2-4 micrometers) active sites tropomyosin |
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1.)Tropomyosin sits on top of active sites allowing ___ to not bind 2.)What regulates whether or not active sites are covered or not is ___ 3.)how many components does troponin have 4.)what are the 3 components |
1.)myosin 2.)troponin 3.)3 4.)troponin T (binds to tropomyosin), troponin I (inhibitory), & troponin C (binds to calcium). |
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1.)___allows muscle to contract. 2.)When Ca is bound to troponin C, ___ shifts off of active site & myosin binds to actin allowing for muscle contraction. 3.)troponin & tropomyosin are what? 4.)____is where actin & myosin bind together. 5.)is it true that even when at rest, myosin will still be next to the actin. |
calcium tropomyosin regulatory proteins cross bridge yes
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1.)what does troponin I do to muscle contraction 2.)As soon as Ca is present & there’s a shift in tropomyosin, it’ll grab actin & start doing what to it 3.)why are actin and myosin close together 4.)function of the regulatory protein titan |
inhibits pulling it to be ready to go when needed to keeps Z-line moving in same direction |
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1.)function of the regulatory protein nebulin 2.)when a muscle contracts, muscle itself gets shorter, but contractile proteins (actin and myosin) don't change length, what changes is the __length, which is basically the __moving closer together 3.)function of regulatory protein a-actinin |
1.)regulates actin length 2.)sarcomere, z-lines 3.)attaches actin filaments together at Z-line |
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1.)function of regulatory protein myomesium 2.)function of regulatory protein desmin 3.)the regulatory proteins are important for ___muscle movement; even though they aren’t contractile proteins, they are important 4.)Actin slides over myosin filaments, the sarcomere ___, & that’s how actual muscle shortens. |
1.)keeps thick and thin filaments in correct spatial arrangement 2.)links Z-lines of adjacent myofibrils together, keeping Z-disc in proper spacing distance 3.)fluid 4.)shortens |
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1.)When actin binds to myosin, that’s __ formation. 2.)Muscle fibers (“muscle cells”) = ___ 3.)around the muscle fibers is the ___, a storage site for Ca. 4.)with the sarcoplasmic reticulum, by storing Ca on site, right next to myofilaments, it allows for very quick __ |
cross-bridge bundles of myofibril networks. sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) contractions |
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1.)transverse tubules (t-tubules) allow __ to move into muscle cell itself. 2.)Outside of muscle fiber is ___; the black dots scattered around them are folds in sarcoplasm. 3.)As muscles stretch, what happens to the holes 4.)Ability of membrane to___ is very unique for skeletal muscle |
calcium sarcolemma they disappear stretch
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1.)When you’re brain tells your muscle to contract you have 100s of myosin heads binding & pulling quickly. When they pull, it’ll change muscle stroke by 1%, meaning 1 power stroke will move muscle a tiny bit, but if it wants to do it again, that myosin needs to reset itself, go back & grab it again & keep pulling. But how? 2.)__is the storage form of sugar in muscle |
calcium glycogen |
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1.)is it true that the basal lamina is permeable to almost everything 2.)are muscle cells huge compared to other cells 3.)6 unique things about muscle cells 4.)what shape is muscle cells |
1.)yes 2.)yes 3.)shape, length, nuclei, satellite cells, basement membrane, polarized sarcolemma 4.)cylindrical shaped (1-450 micrometers) |
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1.)are muscle cells multi-nucleated 2.)with multi-nucleated cells, they have the potential for altered ___ in response to exercise, nutrition, endocrine, environment, etc. Can alter structural, regulatory, transport, & metabolic proteins & in turn, altar functional ___ 3.)since muscle cells are multi-nucleated, can it go through mitosis |
yes gene expression, capacity no, it cant grow |
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1.)basement membrane of muscle cells made of __ & ___ 2.)is the basement membrane permeable to almost everything. 3.)Most cells in body have an impermeable membrane, is the Sarcoplasm permeable. |
glycoproteins, collagen networks yes no |
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1.)the ___ is polarized meaning it contains an electrical conductivity causing a stimulus in nerve contraction; muscle fiber length then __ 2.)Muscle fiber extends ___% during normal PA 3.)___ cells sit between basement membrane & sarcolemma |
sarcolemma, extends 10%-15% satellite |
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1.)___ are a step above satellite cells & considered an immature muscle cell that can differentiate itself into mature cells. 2.)There are always immature muscle cells in the body, which is needed for cell growth & regeneration; mechanical stress (resistance training/weight-bearing activity) that is placed on a muscle cell activates __cells |
myoblasts satellite |
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1.)satellite cells migrate into muscle fiber, undergo mitosis, & split forming 2 new cells, which produce new satellite cells, which overtime mature into ___, this is essential to muscle growth 2.)Without satellite cells getting any type of hypertrophy, muscle growth (is/is not?) possible |
muscle fibers is not |
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1.)mature muscle cells can’t enter into mitosis because they’re multi-nucleated; only a single nucleated cell can do this, therefore new muscle cells must come from single nucleated cells, which happens to be __cells 2.)in an embryo, all muscle cells start out ___ nucleated 3.)as development continues, most muscle cells fuse together to form __cells |
satellite singularly multi-nucleated |
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1.)a few “anti-social” cells don’t fuse with the others and “hang out” on the periphery of the other cells, these single nucleated cells become the __cells 2.)satellite cells undergo mitosis & help recover from muscle damage, Important for not only resistance training, but acute injury; If leg gets crushed, you must rebuild that muscle which will activate ___ cells.
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satellite satellite |
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1.)satellite cells are activated by 2 things, what are they 2.)satellite cells are activated by mechanical things such as tears/rips in muscle, which activates satellite cells that produce __, __, and __ |
mechanical and chemical things growth, regeneration, & larger muscle fibers |
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1.)satellite cells are activated by chemical things such as __(low O2 concentration), which results when doing high anaerobic activity & not getting enough O2 in muscle cells 2.)another way satellite cells are activated is when you have a product of metabolic waste products, which is a buildup from doing ___activity |
ischemia anaerobic |
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1.)An inactive person not doing weight bearing exercise will have quiescent (___) satellite cells 2.)When muscle damage occurs thru an injury/resistance training, satellite cells are activated & proliferate (increase in #), then, a few things happen: they fuse with pre-existing cells making muscle cell larger, ___ |
inactive increase in number hypertrophy |
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1.)When hypertrophy happens we need an increase in # of ___because cytoplasm-nucleus ratio must stay consistent within a muscle cell. 2.)another thing that may happen when muscle damage occurs is they may fuse with other new cells, ___ (more nucleated cells forming together & more muscle fibers)
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nuclei, hyperplasia, satellite cells |
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1.)another thing that may happen when you have muscle damage is you simply increase ___cell number 2.)___ is an increase in the size of the muscle due to an increase in the size of the muscle fibers, while ___ is an increase in the number of muscle fibers. |
satellite hypertrophy, hyperplasia |
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1.)Hypertrophy is the increase in # of ____(increase of actin & myosin proteins themselves are increasing, but # of muscle fibers are NOT). 2.)When you increase myofibrils, you basically increase what 3.)Muscle protein synthesis (increases/deceases) during post-exercise period? 4.)Training at higher intensities causes greater fiber ____ |
myofibrils cross-sectional area increases HYPERTROPHY |
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1.)when are satellite cells activated 2.)what increases with Hyperplasia 3.)in reference to the polarized sarcolemma, inside the charge is ___ 4.)when the polarized sarcolemma is positive, what happens |
after stretching # of muscle fibers negative it moves |
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1.)Maximizing # of myofibrils depends on the rate of protein ___ + rate of protein ____. 2.)Every protein in body has a __life; as soon as it’s created, it’s eventually going to degrade itself after a period of time & more protein is going to have to be resynthesized 3.)If all protein has a half-life, it’s always being what? |
synthesis, degradation half broken down |
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1.)If trying to gain muscle size, limit protein degradation by consuming ___ 1 hour before workout. 2.)If you eat protein after workout, you increase ___ (300-500 kcals of high protein foods) within an hour post-exercise. 3.)are anabolic hormones (testosterone, growth hormone, anabolic steroids, etc.) going to induce muscle mass if you don't work out? |
CARBS (300-400 kcals) protein synthesis no |
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1.)do post-menopausal female taking high doses of testosterone see some positive change If taking anabolic hormones? 2.)If you want to see hypertrophy by taking anabolic steroids or growth hormones, you must do what? 3.)what is myostatin |
1.)yes 2.)workout 3.)protein body naturally forms limiting how large muscles can get, it inhibits protein growth & differentiation |
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1.)is it true that Ii muscles kept growing at an uncontrollable rate, you’d end up getting to a point of discomfort. 2.)myostatin also prevents uncontrolled cell growth, which is good for ___development 3.)myostatin ___ allow muscle hypertrophy to grow excessively 4.)what can insulin do with regards to protein synthesis |
1.)yes 2.)tumor 3.)inhibitors(this is not a good thing, the inhibitors prevent myostatin from doing its job) 4.)increase protein synthesis, esp. during sleep |
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1.)Higher insulin POST EXERCISE does what to protein 2.)thyroid hormones (T3/T4) work when muscle ___ is occurring (people who have nerve degenerative diseases/muscle wasting). 3.)In healthy people, high levels of T3/T4 (will/will not) increase muscle size? |
decreases protein degradation atrophy will not |
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1.)People who have ___ are skinny, can’t gain weight, & as a result have very little muscle mass. 2.)people with _ gain excess weight easily 3.)catecholamines are the family name for what? 4.)are high levels of catecholamines associated with muscle hypertrophy however, don’t DIRECTLY cause muscle hypertrophy? |
hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism epinephrine/norepinephrine/dopamine yes |
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1.)when norepinephrine/epinephrine is released, you have ___ to perform high intense exercise therefore inducing muscle growth, but catecholamines alone don’t cause muscle growth. 2.)contractile proteins of muscle only make up ~__% of actual muscle by matter. 3.)By volume, myofibrils make up ~__% of muscle |
adrenaline 12 80 |
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1.)So, most of muscle you look at is made of volume is ___ proteins 2.)# of myofibrils within a muscle determines ___; more myofibrils you have within 1 fiber, more ___ you have. 3.)Hypertrophy = increase in # ___, therefore cell is getting larger; hyperplasia = increase in # of ___ |
contractile hypertrophy, hypertrophy myofibrils, muscle fibers |
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1.)An untrained person has ~___ myofibrils in any given muscle fiber, Someone who lifts regularly have more than that 2.)Muscle fiber length within any muscle varies depending on ___ 3.)__determines function
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2000 function structure |
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1.)Medial gastrocnemius length is ~250micrometers & fiber length is ~__micrometers; compared to sartorious (thigh) is ~550micrometers & single fiber is ___~. 2.)Sartorious, used for hip flexion (running), needs __ fibers due to its function 3.)why is medial gastrocnemius (calf) fiber length so short |
1.)35, 450 2.)long 3.)Doing explosive movements requires power & having a shorter fiber to length ratio |
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1.)will the # of fibers within a muscle group change 2.)Ocular muscles in eyes has ~__ fibers vs. vastus lateralis in quads containing __ fibers due to being extremely large. 3.)when muscle fibers become hypertrophy, they increase in __and __ |
yes 100, over a million size, radius |
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1.). If radius increases, that means the diffusion distance oxygen must travel is __; if oxygen travels further, that limits ___ capacity. 2.)Oxygen MUST exchange from blood to muscle & if oxygen has a longer way to diffuse, it’s not going to be as readily available as it would be if it had a shorter distance; This limits __ 3.)why bodybuilders don't run marathons? |
1.)larger, endurance 2.)endurance capacity 3.)they don’t have an endurance capacity because their diffusion distance is much, much larger, The oxygen getting into their muscle isn’t going to be as available |
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1.)Marathon runners are super skinny & diffusion in those muscle fibers is very __ giving them a distinctive advantage 2.)# of capillaries surrounding a muscle fiber is important with ___ capacity. 3.)Capillaries surrounding muscle allows for transport of ___ to the muscle, removal of ___, transport of __ (carbs, proteins, fats, vitamins), & removal of __ |
1.)small 2.)endurance 3.)oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, metabolic waste products |
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1.)If you don’t have a longer transit time, meaning you have more capillaries surrounding a muscle fiber, your increasing the amount of time blood is exchanging __ & __ gases with that muscle.
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nutrients, respiratory |
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1.)If you have more capillaries surrounding that muscle, blood is going to take longer to get around & thru it, meaning you have longer time to get __ to use it for metabolism, to get CO2 out, to get __ if needed for energy, & to rid of metabolic by products. 2.)Increasing transit time increases __ to __ratio
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oxygen, nutrients capillary, fiber |
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1.)By doing endurance training, you increase capillary # by __%. 2.)__Fatigue limits ability to contract muscle; Even though the brain is telling the muscle to fire, nothing is actually happening. 3.)one function of the nervous system is controlling the ___ environment |
5-20 neural internal |
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1.)the nervous system works with the __system 2.)When blood sugar is too high, __ is released; As a result, sugar is taken from blood stream & pumped into cells to be used. This is the control of the internal environment by the NS. 3.)another function of the nervous system is __ control of movement; or neuromuscular. |
endocrine insulin voluntary |
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1.)voluntary control is like when a nerve is innervating a muscle __ 2.)another function of the nervous system is __reflexes; like when putting hand on a hot stove, there’s a muscle contraction occurring; hand moves off hot surface before realizing you even touched it. This happens because of __reflexes-no brain involvement |
fiber spinal cord, spinal cord |
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1.)another function of the nervous system is assimilation of experiences necessary for memory & learning; learning how to walk, throw a ball, is motor __ & motor __ 2.)what 2 parts of the nervous system work together 3.)Sensory neurons take in ___ environments creating adjustments in movement pattern |
control, development central and peripheral system external |
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1.)Motor neurons = ___ (voluntary contractions) & __ (sympathetic + parasympathetic). 2.)You have sensory receptors, then ___neurons going towards skeletal muscle, but also innervate smooth & cardiac muscle. 3.)Cell bodies of neurons are located within __ itself. |
somatic, autonomic somatic spinal cord |
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1.)When sensory receptors are activated, response travels from receptors, up thru __, up thru __, then generate response. 2.)Conduction speed of a nerve impulse is very __, but cell body itself is located within spinal cord. 3.)When you tell your body to make a movement, the brain will release a ___ |
1.)neuron, spinal cord 2.)rapid 3.)neurotransmitter |
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1.)why do you need neurotransmitters 2.)Electrical signals don’t jump between cells; they need ___ to communicate with each other 3.) ___motor neurons (also called lower motor neurons) innervate skeletal muscle and cause the muscle contractions that generate movement |
1.)You need those NT’s to allow the whole conduction to occur. 2.)neurotransmitters 3.)alpha |
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1.)Neurotransmitter involved in alpha motor neurons is___ 2.)Neurotransmitters can act as __, __, or __, allowing you to cause neural conduction & move 3.)__vesicles contain neurotransmitters |
acetylcholine excitatory, facilitory, inhibitory synaptic |
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1.)In the case of an alpha-motor neuron (what we use for skeletal muscle; voluntary movement), ___, which is present in the vesicles, goes across synaptic cleft, & binds to receptors. 2.)With receptor binding, “squiggly” line around neuron allows for a greater __ of sarcolemma. 3.). With increased surface area, there’s a lot more space for ___ to bind, allowing a greater chance to create an AP of movement. |
acetylcholine surface area neurotransmitters |
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1.)Having more surface area allows for more binding of __ 2.)___= primary NT for α-motor neurons. 3.)Sympathetic & parasympathetic inputs are coming from CNS & produce NT’s like __ & __
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neurotransmitters acetylcholine norepinephrine, acetylcholine |
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1.)___ is ALWAYS a presynaptic NT; sometimes ___ will be final NT at its effecter, specifically sympathetic input (“flight or fight”) 2.)In one of those situations, you’re releasing ___ (adrenaline), for sympathetic activity allowing you to move quickly 3.)___ is released for parasympathetic responses, but also activated for α-motor neurons in skeletal muscle movement |
acetylcholine, norepinephrine norepinephrine acetylcholine |
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1.)When a neuron releases a neurotransmitter, it goes across synaptic cleft, binds with receptor on a ___(branches coming off of axon). 2.)Neurotrans. travels down thru cell body, down axon where it’ll either interact with another neuron or again bind with those dendrites creating another AP or in the case of an α-motor neuron, those synapses are going to bind with ___ muscle itself & create movement. |
dendrite skeletal |
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1.)There are several dendrites, but only __ axon 2.)An axon is surrounded by __ insulating & allowing for more rapid conductivity of electrical impulses 3.)In neurodegenerative diseases, myelin begins to deteriorate & as it does so, the ability of the neuron to conduct impulses deteriorate as well, giving slow contractions, which leads to__movement |
one myelin uncoordinated |
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1.)The __ sit between myelin increasing velocity of electrical impulse; without them, impulse stays consistent down axon. With them, the impulse gains speed as it passes through each node 2.)what do neurotransmitters basically do 3.)what is a synaptic cleft 4.)2 things that speed up action potentials |
Nodes of Ranvier create or inhibit a response junction between two nerves larger diameter of axon and myelin sheath |
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1.)what are action potential 2.)neurons are what? 3.)what is polarity 4.)in an alpha-motor neuron, inside of cell is __charged; outside is __charged, giving it a voltage difference 5.)what is a synapse |
1.)electrical signals or nerve impulses (change in voltage inside a cell 2.)nerve cells or "excitable tissue" 3.)voltage difference that's moving across membrane 4.)negatively, positively 5.)junction where 2 nerve cells meet |
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1.)what is a motor unit 2.)a motor unit innervates ___ muscle fibers in vastus lateralis, but only about __ in the eye 3.)3 features of a neuron 4.)what does irritable mean 5.)what does conductive mean |
1.)alpha motor neuron that is under voluntary control that every fiber is under control of 2.)1000, 10 3.)excitable, irritable, conductive 4.)responds to and receives stimulus 5.)able to take an electrical signal and move it really fast from one side to another |
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1.)at rest (RMP), inside of a neuron is __ charged. 2.)Whether or not how negatively charged it is depends on ___ ions, which move across membrane. 3.)once it reaches the ___, depolarization occurs then the action potential |
negatively sodium/potassium threshold |
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1.)A stimulus first causes ___ channels to open. Because there are many more sodium ions on the outside, and the inside of the neuron is negative relative to the outside, __ ions rush into the neuron 2.)sodium has a positive charge, so the neuron becomes more positive and becomes __ |
sodium, sodium depolarized |
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1.)It takes longer for potassium channels to open. When they do open, potassium rushes out of the cell, causing __ 2.)the resting membrane potential is usually around __mv 3.)if the threshold is reached, does an action potential have to occur 4.)what is the refractory period |
1.)repolarization 2.)-70 3.)yes 4.)period after repolarization when you cannot have an action potential, it prevents action potential from going the wrong way |
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1.)how long does it take for an action potential to occur 2.)at resting, there is more _on the inside of the membrane and more __on the outside of the membrane 3.)Failed initiations of action potentials are because of ___ input 4.)A neurotransmitter goes from synapse to receptor & changes ___ |
about 5 milliseconds potassium, sodium neurotransmitter membrane potential |
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1.)is a single NT (neurotransmitter) enough for a cell to reach threshold. 2.)With enough NT’s to reach threshold, we can get an AP; Immediately following depolarization, cell repolarizes & you get a short __period getting few milliseconds where nerve can’t reconduct another AP unless an even greater stimulus is applied |
no refactory |
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1.)When RMP drops below -70 to ~-90, you need an even higher concentration of___ 2.)During refractory period, is it a lot harder to conduct a 2nd AP. 3.)SYNAPSE = site where NS (neuron) communicates with effector cell, it is a site at which a __is released |
neurotransmitters yes neurotransmitter |
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1.)the NT causes effector cell to change membrane potential (depolarization) transferring nerve impulse to effector cell (___) 2.). Some synapses release NT’s that decreases membrane potential making cell less responsive (____) 3.)why would you want neurotransmitters that are inhibitors and facilitators? |
1.)facilitation 2.)inhibition 3.)You want both to be active at different muscles at different times to create fluid movement. |
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1.)can DRUGS do same thing as facilitory & inhibitory NT’s 2.)Neurodegenerative diseases ___ enzymes allowing for greater & higher production of muscle contraction. 3.)Street drugs (cocaine) take ___, stick it in synaptic cleft, & don’t allow it to be taken back into synapse resulting in a continual ___ response |
yes inhibits dopamine, dopamine |
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1.)do some drugs act like a key to opening chemical gates (facilitation), while other drugs block keyhole so NT can’t open gate 2.)in summation, __ release causes an AP to develop. 3.)With a neuron synapsing another neuron, you have multiple synapses working on dendrites of a __neuron |
yes NT 2nd |
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1.)__ axons come from the 1st neuron acting on postsynaptic cells, specifically on dendrites 2.)Presynaptic axons are synapsing with dendrites of __cells. 3.)do several inhibitory & excitatory synapses work on a single neuron |
presynaptic postsynaptic yes |
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1.)NT may come in from every one of the presynaptic axons & whether or not a membrane potential has changed enough to call it an AP IN postsynaptic cell depends on how much NT is coming FROM __ & __ synapses. 2.)If 3 synapses send inhibitory NT’s & 7 excitatory, will it be enough to produce an AP?
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excitatory, inhibitory yes, it may |
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1.)the alpha motor cell body (soma) located in the grey matter of the spinal cord has many excitatory and inhibitory synapses; activity from these ___ cell endings greatly affects membrane voltage in the soma. 2.)when postsynaptic potential reaches a threshold, a __occurs 3.)do you need multiple neurons to make an action potential? |
presynaptic action potential yes |
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1.)when drugs act as facilitators, they can open __gates, keep the synapse concentration of __high, or increase __production. 2.)in reference to acetylcholine, inactivating or destroying __keeps ACH amount high |
chemical, neurotransmitter, epinephrine acetylcholinesterase |
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1.)when drugs act as inhibitors, they can block the release of neurotransmitter or __, block the NT receptor site, block __ or __ gates, or accelerate NT __ 2.)___ raise RMP above normal potential thereby increasing likelihood that succeeding NT releases wll cause it to exceed threshold, which enhances chances of neuron firing and activating target. |
epinephrine, sodium, potassium, reuptake excitatory presynaptic potentials |
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1.)___ lower RMP below normal level thereby decreasing likelihood of reaching threshold. This prevents neuron from activating its target 2.)___(Na/K?) isn’t as permeable to cells as __(Na/K?), so you don’t get much of an influx of Na at rest, whereas K can float in & out, which is why you have a negative membrane potential |
inhibitory presynaptic potentials Na, K |
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1.)Most common EPSP(excitatory presynaptic potential) neurotransmitter = ___ & ___(nerve to muscle). 2.)Most common facilitory NT = __ & __(releases lower amounts, but does same thing). 3.)When norepinephrine is released, it increases release of ___from adrenal medulla |
norepinephrine, acetylcholine epinephrine, acetylcholine epinephrine |
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1.)With high intensity exercise, there’s an increase in catecholamine’s (increase in __ & __) 2.)__ & __ are EPSP. Most common IPSP neurotransmitter = __ 3.)2 types of neural input that determines if a 2nd postsynaptic neuron will fire & whether or not a skeletal muscle will contract: |
epinephrine, norepinephrine ACH, norepinephrine; GABA spatial summation & temporal summation |
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1.)__summation is when NT is released from more than 1 neuron causing excitation; same happens in skeletal muscle. If an AP reaches skeletal muscle & 1 motor unit fires, you’ll get a small muscle contraction, but won’t get a very large muscle contraction |
spatial |
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1.)__summation is if you alter frequency of nerves firing from same neuron; 1 NT is not enough to create AP, but if that NT is released repeatedly, RMP increases, hits threshold, & eventually reaches AP 2.)with temporal summation, you see nerve excitation of muscle more often than you do in a neuron. To increase force production, a motor unit may continuously send signals to the muscle fiber to produce an AP over & over. The more rapid a nerve fires, the greater the __output |
temporal force |
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1.)When reaching max temporal summation, __ is a result. 2.)basically what is tetanus
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tetanus repeated muscle contraction |
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1.)for temporal summation (simple twitch example), with electrodes hooked up to someone, there is NO ___ effort to contract that muscle. An electrical signal is sent, depolarizes muscle cell, & muscle cell contracts, then relaxes. If impulses are sent more frequently, they don’t relax completely |
conscious |
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1.)If this continuously repeats with faster stimuli, you have shorter relaxation periods & eventually muscle stays contracted. Whether it comes from electrodes or your brain, it’s the same thing. If electrical impulses are released at a fast enough rate, you will result in ___, where the muscle stays contracted & doesn’t relax 2.)another name for temporal summation |
tetanus rate coding |
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1.)In most movements, you’re in a state of __ for a short period of time. When you go to throw a ball, you don’t get just a twitch in your shoulder then relax; you always have continual rate coding or temporal summation 2.)what is summation |
tetanus addition of postsynaptic potential |
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1.)___ summation is the addition of stimuli that arrive in rapid succession. It occurs at a single synapse and is active repeatedly. ___ summation occurs when simultaneous stimuli have a cumulative effect on the transmembrane potential. It involves multiple synapses that are active simultaneously. 2.)Certain muscles contract at certain times while others relax, what decides this? |
temporal, spatial facilitation or inhibition |
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1.)when doing a maximally voluntary contraction, you’re trying to produce as much force as you can within a given muscle group. This releases a NT repeatedly from 1 motor unit that tries to recruit as many __ as it can. 2.)More units recruited, more __will be activated. |
motor units muscle fibers |
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1.)The force produced from voluntary action is ALWAYS less than maximal contraction. Force production coming from electrodes is going to be higher than what you produce from __contraction coming from your brain. So, there is a point where your brain inhibits force production & you aren’t able to produce as much force as you actually are capable of producing, so there is a limitation |
voluntary |
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1.)does a muscle ever make full contact with a nerve? 2.)__is a nerve cell forming part of a pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland. 3.)Alpha motor neurons are under __control while Gamma motor neurons are __ |
no there's a cleft motor neuron conscious, reflexes |
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1.)__is the large and complex terminal formation by which the axon of a motor neuron establishes synaptic contact with a striated muscle fiber. 2.)the motor end plate is the same as a __, but applied to a muscle 3.)the neuromuscular cleft is the same as the synaptic cleft but it is from muscle to __ 4.)what is end plate potential |
motor end plate synapse nerve difference in voltage across muscle |
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1.)the motor end plate is the site where alpha motor neurons communicate with __cells 2.)at the motor end plate, terminal axon branches contain __, which can be released into the synaptic cleft and bind to receptor sites on the muscle cell surface |
muscle acetylcholine |
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1.)enzymatic degradation of ACH by acetylcholinesterase means that continual alpha motor neuron activity is required for continued muscle cell ___ 2.)what is the neuromuscular junction 3.)each muscle fiber has __neuromuscular junctions |
contraction where nerve meets muscle fiber. 1 |
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1.)A __ is a motor neuron innervating several muscle fibers, but every single one of those muscle fibers each have a NMJ, which contains a ___ (synapse) lying between sarcolemma and α-motor neuron 2.)___on sarcolemma creates tons of binding sites in a motor end plate, allowing ACh to bind repeatedly to continuously produce muscle contraction |
motor unit, motor end plate surface area |
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1.)If you are trying to produce tetanus & smooth muscle patterns, you need a lot of __. Also, if trying to produce more force, you need more __ 2.)___ breaks down ACh as soon as it’s released into cleft where it binds to its receptor. The enzyme starts breaking it down as soon as its released, so if you stop providing neural impulse, you stop telling muscles to contract, & it’ll relax |
binding sites, binding sites Acetylcholinesterase |
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1.). If the enzyme wasn’t there, ACh would stay bound & you’d have continual input to produce muscle contraction & the muscles would stay __ 2.)The enzyme is to allow for relaxation, but because it’s there you need what? 3.)The AP goes in both directions across muscle fiber; it reaches t-tubules, where they release __ from SR |
1.)contracted 2.)continuous neural input otherwise the muscle will relax 3.)calcium |
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1.)Motor neurons innervate a certain # of muscle fibers depending on its __ 2.)what is a motor unit 3.)Each alpha motor neuron depolarizes every muscle __ it innervates 4.)Fine motor control with your eye muscles have only just a few __ muscle fibers in 1 motor unit being innervated by 1 alpha-MN. Vastus lateralis in quads could have ___s of fibers in a MN due to much more basic movement pattern |
function basic fundamental unit of a muscle fiber 100, 1000 |
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1.)You wont have every single motor unit in the whole muscle contracting at the same time unless there’s an ___ impulse coming from external sources |
electrical |
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1.)generation of an AP from α-MN to an AP in a skeletal muscle; NT released from the α-MN binds to its receptors, generates an AP at motor end plate where it sends it out down__(that is excitation). 2.)Once it hits t-tubules, AP stimulates internal cisternae of SR causing __ channels to open. |
t-tubules calcium |
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1.)When Ca is released, it binds to __ & tropomyosin shifts off active sites of actin where myosin binds to actin and a__is the result 2.)___must be released from α-MN otherwise, without a neural input, there’s no muscle contraction 3.)without ___, it won’t bind to troponin causing myosin to not bind resulting in no movement |
troponin-C, power stroke ACH calcium |
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1.)without ___, you never get myosin release, therefore never get relaxation, so you don’t get much movement at all 2.)__is a major source of energy in muscle contraction & for any cellular activity in body; required for muscle contraction |
ATP ATP |
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1.)__ breaks down ATP & converts the potential energy stored in ATP into kinetic energy, which is used to produce muscle contraction & movement. 2.)ATP is ALWAYS broken down & resynthesized; whole purpose of metabolism = resynthesized ATP so it can convert potential energy into useful __energy |
ATPase kinetic |
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1.)When __isn’t present, there’s no neural input coming from α-MN; Actin & myosin AREN’T bound-they are in a weak binding state (not physically bound) 2.)what are harder to recruit, fast or slow twitch fibers 3.)are gamma motor neurons conscious |
calcium fast twitch no |
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1.)what is an example of innervation ratio? 2.)what is the purpose for muscle spindles |
1.)ration of muscle fibers to motor units for eye will be smaller compared to say the vastus. 2.)stop from ripping muscles(stretching too far) |
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**Summary of movement/contraction** 1.)Muscle action is initiated by __ impulse 2.)Nerve releases ACh allowing __ to enter & depolarize α-MN. 3.)If sufficiently depolarized, AP occurs in muscle fiber releasing stored __ ions from SR 4.)Ca2+ ions bind to __a conformational shift of tropomyosin on actin reveals myosin binding site |
nerve Na Ca2+ troponin C (TnC), |
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1.)Once __ binds with actin, myosin head tilts & pulls actin filament to slide across each other 2.)Muscle action ends when Ca2+ is pumped out of sarcoplasm & into SR for __ 3.)Energy for muscle action is provided when myosin head binds to __. ATPase on myosin head splits ATP into a useable energy source |
myosin storage ATP |
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**Merton Hypothesis next 4 questions** 1.)increase gamma-motor neuron activity=__ 2.)activity of muscle spindle endings changes (increases)=__ 3.)increase in alpha-motor neuron activity (movement)=__ 4.)decrease in spindle activity=__ |
same as increase in muscle length tonic stretch reflex muscle shortens new equilibrium state |
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1.)the Golgi tendon organ sits where the muscle meets the tendon and what is it there for 2.)the Golgi tendon organ is similar to what? 3.)At high magnification, small bridgelike structures can be seen on the thick filaments extending toward the thin filaments in the overlap region. They are called __and are believed to be responsible for the movement and force developed during contraction |
to prevent injury muscle spindle cross bridges |
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1.)what has to be released for the cross bridge cycle 2.)__is when a nerve fails to activate its target through some mechanism other than inhibition 3.)when the nerve fails to activate a muscle, then the condition is generally referred to as __ |
ATP and phosphate nerve failure fatigue |
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1.)3 probable causes of nerve failure (Neural Based Fatigue) 2.)what is branch point fatigue 3.)how does one prevent nerve failure |
1.)neuron does not repolarize, neuron does not release neurotransmitter, branch point failure 2.)like when one branch is too long and it takes longer (one is repolarized while the other is yet) 3.)reduce the stimulation frequency of each neuron |
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**ANOTHER SUMMARY** 1.)sac like vesicles within the terminal axon release __, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and attaches to specialized receptors on the sarcolemma 2.)once it attaches, muscle action potential __ t-tubules (transverse tubules) at eh A-I junction of the sarcomere |
ACh depolarizes |
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1.)depolarization of T-tubule system causes __release from the sarcoplasmic recticulum's lateral sacs 2.)Ca binds to __in the actin filaments, which releases the inhibition that prevented actin from combining with myosin |
Ca troponin-tropomyosin |
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1.)during muscle action, actin combines with myosin ATPase to split ATP with energy release. Tension created from the energy releases produces __ cross-bridge movement 2.)ATP binds to the myosin cross-bridge, breaking the actin-myosin bond allowing the cross-bridge to dissociate from actin; this leads to sliding of thick and thin filaments causing muscle ___ |
myosin shortening |
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1.)cross-bridge activation continues when the concentration of __remains high (from membrane depolarization) to inhibit action of the troponin-tropomyosin complex 2.)when muscle stimulation ceases, CA moves back into the sarcoplasmic recticulums lateral sacs through active transport requiring ATP __ |
calcium hydrolysis |
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1.)Ca removal restores inhibitory action troponin-tropomyosin. In the presence of ATP, actin and myosin remain in the dissociated __state 2.)with marathon runners vs. sprinters, the metabolic stress placed on the individuals are different; this affects body __ & __ type 3.)what is isometric (static) movement |
1.)relaxed 2.)type, fiber 3.)muscle fires but there is no movement at a joint, there is no change in length of the muscle, and no movement at the joints but muscle fibers fire. |
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1.)___muscles are producing isometric contractions; they stay contracted & don’t change in length 2.)two types of isotonic contractions 3.)Of or involving muscular contraction against resistance in which the length of the muscle changes. |
postural concentric & eccentric isotonic |
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1.)__is muscle shortening; muscle force being produced is GREATER than the load it’s working against 2.)A ___is a concentric force producing more force in the bicep than the mechanical load on the hand that’s holding the dumbbell 3.)___contraction is when muscle is producing force by lengthening |
concentric bicep curl eccentric |
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1.)The limitation in force production with free weights/machines is going to be limited by your ___ muscle contraction 2.)is Muscle CONTRACTION & RELAXATION a little different than nerve conduction 3.)From the time your brain tells a muscle to contract to the time you actually get physical movement, there’s a late period of ~__ms. A contraction occurring in a muscle takes ~___ms |
concentric yes 5, 40
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1.)is Contraction/relaxation period for muscles a lot longer. 2.)muscle fiber types have __properties and __properties 3.)what are the 3 types of muscle fibers that were talked about 4.)another name for slow twitch fibers |
1.)yes 2.)biochemical, contractile 3.)slow twitch (ST-type I), fast twitch (FTa-type IIa), and fast twitch (FTx-type IIIx) 4.)red muscle fiber or ST-type 1 |
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1.)another name for the fast twitch fibers 2.)which muscle fiber is the intermediate one 3.)slow twitch fibers have __force output and __aerobic (oxidative) capacity and fatigue 4.)slow twitch fibers have __anaerobic (glycolytic) capacity and motor unit strength 5.)slow twitch fibers have __contractile speed (100ms) and myosin ATPase. |
white muscle fibers FTa-type IIa low, high low slow |
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1.)with slow twitch fibers, they generally have __-__ fibers per motor neuron 2.)explain slow twitch fibers sarcoplasmic recticulum 3.)Fta-Type IIa has__aerobic (oxidative) capactity and fatigue resistance 4.)Fta-Type IIa has __anaerobic (glycolytic) capacity and motor unit strength |
1.)10-180 2.)not very developed, therefore less calcium storage leading to less contraction. 3.)moderately low 4.)high |
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1.)Fta-Type IIa has __contractile speed (50ms) and myosin ATPase 2.)with Fta-Type IIa, they generally have __-__fibers per motor neuron 3.)explain Fta-Type IIa sarcoplasmic recticulum 4.)Ftx-Type IIIx has __aerobic (oxidative) capacity and fatigue resistance |
1.)fast 2.)300-800 3.)its more complex, therefore more calcium storage and more contraction 4.)low |
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1.)Ftx-Type IIIx has __anaerobic (glycolytic) capacity and motor unit strength 2.)Ftx-Type IIIx has __contractile speed (50ms) and myosin ATPase 3.)with Ftx-Type IIIx, they generally have __-__ fibers per motor neuron 4.)explain Ftx-Type IIIx sarcoplasmic recticulum |
1.)high 2.)fast 3.)300-1000's 4.)complex, therefore more calcium storage and more contraction |
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1.)which muscle fibers would you expect to have a higher oxidative capacity 2.)which muscle fibers would you expect to have faster ATPase enzyme 3.)type 2 muscle fiber can put out a lot of power, but for how long? |
slow twitch (good for endurance) type III or maybe II (fast twitch fibers) |
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1.)postural muscles maintain muscle contraction for long periods of time therefore are__ twitch fibers; they must produce contractions continuously throughout the day 2.)activities requiring a high force output in short periods of time, requires__ twitch fibers 3.)fiber type itself is determined by the myosin isoform, which affects __ |
slow fast ATPase |
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1.)The more activity that ATPase has, the faster ATP is broken down therefore the faster the __ period is. 2.)For type __fibers, ATPase activity is faster so you get faster muscle contraction compared to type __fibers. 3.)with respect to the # of mitochondria, type IIx would have ___, type IIa would have __, and type I would have __ |
contraction II, I low, moderate, high |
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1.)with respect to resistance of fatigue, type IIx would have __, type IIa would have __, and type I would have __ 2.)the predominant energy system for type IIx is __, for type IIa is __, and for type I is __ 3.)with respect to ATPase, for type IIx it is __, for type IIa it is ___, and for type I it is __ |
low, moderate, high anaerobic, combo, aerobic highest, high, low |
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1.) with respect to Vmax (shortening), type IIx is __, type IIa is ___, and type I is __ 2.)with respect to efficiency, type IIx is __, type IIa is __, and type I is __ 3.)the specific tension for type IIx is __, for type IIa it is __, and for type I it is __ |
1.)highest, intermediate, low 2.)low (lots of power but not for long), intermediate(good bit of power but also not for long), high (not a lot of power but can last long) 3.)high, high, moderate |
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1.)__ innervation is what determines if a muscle fiber is FT or ST 2.)With training specificity & adaptation, what’s initially changing is change in motor unit itself. Nerve recruitment & changes in the nerve occur FIRST, then changes in __, biochemical, and physiological properties change after that 3.)which fibers are very oxidative |
nerve muscle fiber type I (slow twitch) |
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1.)which fibers are anaerobic 2.)ATPase affects (relaxation or contraction?) time? 3.)Fast ATPase results in shorter __ time 4.)which produces more force, Type I or Type II 5.)are type II fibers very energy efficient |
1.)Type II 2.)relaxation 3.)contraction 4.)type II 5.)no, produce a lot of power but for a short period of time |
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1.)oxidative metabolism occurs in ___ 2.) the more mitochondria available, the higher the __ capacity 3.)are slow twitch fibers very resistant to fatigue?
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mitochondria oxidative yes |
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1.)Everyone has a genetic predisposition to having a certain % of type I/type II fibers depending on where the muscles located. People good at short distances, lifting weights, etc. has more type__ fibers. Someone good at endurance events has more type__ 2.)is the cross-sectional area in each fiber more important than the action % of muscle fiber types |
II, I yes |
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1.)an example is if your legs are really small, doesn’t matter if you have a high % of FT fibers, because you won’t produce much __ with small muscles 2.)what ultimately determines which motor neurons innervate our individual muscle fibers 3.)muscle fibers become specialized according to the type of __that stimulates them |
power genetics neuron |
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1.)will training and muscular inactivity result in changes in the percentage of different fiber types 2.)will aging result in changes in the percentage of FT and ST fibers 3.)is aging associated with a loss of muscle mass 4.)with fiber size, men have __-__% larger cross section of muscle |
maybe yes yes 20-30 |
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1.)is the mean % motor unit type (type II, I) about equal for men and women 2.)is the frequency for finding high percentages of one fiber type greater in men or women 3.)when alternating fiber type during training, you would use type ___first then __for endurance training 4.)when doing resistance training, a shift can result from type __to type __ |
yes men type IIx, type IIa type IIx, type IIa |
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1.)with resistance training, are type I and II fibers directly related 2.)Initial strength training gains are due to __factors in the first 8-20 weeks, you increase motor unit recruitment increasing ability of muscle coordination 3.)is it true you get stronger faster within first few weeks, but won’t see dramatic increase in size |
yes neural yes |
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1.)Muscular enlargement is due to enlargement of fibers (__) & long-term strength training 2.)When resistance training long-term & muscle mass increases, type II & I area ___ 3.)so for short term resistance training, it is due to __adaptations, while long-term it is due to __adaptations |
hypertrophy increases neural, muscular (hypertrophy) |
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1.)5 neural factors affecting strength training 2.)when the Golgi tendon starts to stretch, what does it tell muscle to do 3.)with elastic components of strength, muscles contain series elastic components such as __and __; and parallel elastic components such as __, __, __, and __ |
1.)increased ability to activate motor units, increased motor neuron excitability, increased CNS activation, Decreased neural inhibition, Inhibition of Golgi tendon organ 2.)relax 3.)crossbridge, tendons; myofilaments, fascia, fascicles, whole muscle fiber |
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1.)elastic energy does what to force production 2.)potential energy from the stretch creates muscle recoil, which assists with __production 3.)cross-bridges work in a series to pull muscle & make it __ 4.)series and parallel components allow muscle to produce MORE ___than it would without an elastic component (stretch shortening cycle |
increases force shorter force |
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1.)The stretch shortening cycle doesn’t last very long & depends on a quick __. 2.)For motor units to be recruited, membrane potential must exceed ___. When that happens, all muscle fibers in that unit contract maximally. 3.) If you want to produce more force, you MUST recruit more ___. |
reflex threshold motor units |
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1.)when you go to do something requiring a lot of force, what’s recruited FIRST are __twitch fibers; with their smaller cell bodies compared to FT, its easier for it to hit AP & therefore generate muscle contraction 2.)as force production increases, in what order are the fibers recruited 3.)if you are lessening force production, in what order are the fibers recruited |
small Type I-->Type IIa-->Type IIx Type IIx-->Type IIa-->Type I |
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1.)Inhibition is for __PREVENTION 2.)Maximal voluntary contraction is always LESS than __ contraction from electrical stimulation 3.)The brain allows recruitment for a certain # of motor units; If you were to hook those muscles up to electrodes & produce force, you could get (higher or lower?) muscle contraction? |
injury maximum higher |
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1.)so maximum contraction is like getting electrocuted, it is not __ 2.)is it true that when you remove the inhibition from the brain, you begin training at insane levels of strength training 3.)Length-Tension Relationship affects __production |
voluntary yes force |
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1.)is it true that an individual muscle fiber has an optimal length to produce more force & if that length is too short/too long, the force it’ll generate will be compromised 2.)Motor neurons use __ to signal the amount of force to be exerted by a muscle. An increase in the rate of action potentials fired by the motor neuron causes an increase in the amount of force that the motor unit generates |
1.)yes (bicep curl example, starting curl at a higher position makes it easier) 2.)rate coding |
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1.)Stimulating more frequencies results in rate coding out of skeletal muscle & you develop __ 2.)absolute force of a movement is higher in__ twitch fibers; Maximal velocity of shortening is greatest at the lowest __ 3.)When maximum velocity is at it’s highest, force is __; when velocity is at it’s lowest, force is at its__ |
tetanus fast, force zero, max |
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1.)With power production, you need a combo of force + velocity; POWER requires more __than force 2.). If you take the same exact velocity & apply it to a muscle group with more than 50% FT fibers & another muscle group with less than 50% of FT fibers, regardless, the__twitch fibers will ALWAYS produce more force |
velocity fast twitch |
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1.)will isometric contractions always produce more force then concentric 2.)so basically, if velocity is constant, power output is always higher for people with more __twitch fibers 3.)contraction is due to ATPase type (I, IIa, IIx), but relaxation has everything to do with__ pumps in SR |
yes fibers calcium |
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1.)Type II have more developed & complex SR’s therefore have more pumps; as a result, they can ___ muscle faster 2.)6 Determinants of Force (Strength) Production: 3.)people with larger muscles can move more weight than people with smaller muscle. An exception to this are Olympian lifters vs. bodybuilders, lifters have smaller muscles than bodybuilders, but produce more force with less mass than a bodybuilder because of their __ angle |
1.)relax 2.)cross sectional area (degree of pennation), more sacromeres in parallel, more sacromeres in series, neural activation, fiber type, biomechanical factors 3.)pennation |
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1.)When a muscle fiber increases in size, the angle that the fibers are positioned ___. 2.)If the degree (angle) gets too large, then force production is? 3.)is it true that in bodybuilders specifically, when pennation gets too high, they start compromising force production, even though they have large cross sectional area. For most people, larger cross-sectional areas produce more force |
increases compromised yes |
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1.)more sarcomeres in parallel favors __production, while more sarcomeres in series favors __ 2.)pennation angle change=change in __output 3.)explain the somatic motor neurons of PNS 4.)what is a motor unit 5.)what is innervation ratio |
1.)force, velocity 2.)force 3.)responsible for carrying neural messages from spinal cord to skeletal muscles 4.)motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates 5.)# of fibers per MN |
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1.)__is when nerve fails to activate its target thru some mechanism OTHER then inhibition 2.)When a nerve fails to activate a muscle, the condition is referred to as ___ 3.)3 probable causes of Neuronal Based Fatigue 4.)The principal of rate coding indicates if one decreases stimulation frequency, then muscle force output ___. Decreased force = decreased power = Fatigue |
1.)nerve failure 2.)fatigue 3.)neuron doesn't repolarize, neuron doesn't release NT, branch point failure 4.)decreases |
