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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Exercise Physiology
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THe study of hoe the body responds, adjusts and adapts to exercise and training.
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What is Physical Fitness
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A set of attributes that are either health or skill related.
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Describe the economic burden of inactivity
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65% of Canadians are inactive which was reported to have cost 2.1 billion in 1999.
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Who is John Ratey?
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Doctor who proposed the theory of De-evolution.
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Who is John Ratey?
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Doctor who proposed the theory of De-evolution.
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What is the Definition of Physical Activity?
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Any bodily movement produced by the skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure.
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What is the definition of Physical Fitness?
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A subset of physical activity that includes planned, structured, repetitive, and purposefull activity aimed at improving or maintaining 1 or more component of fitness.
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What is the Definition of Physical Activity?
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Any bodily movement produced by the skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure.
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What is the difference between exercise and training?
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Exercise is a singel bout where as training is repeated bouts of exercise.
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What is the definition of Physical Fitness?
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A subset of physical activity that includes planned, structured, repetitive, and purposefull activity aimed at improving or maintaining 1 or more component of fitness.
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What is the difference between exercise and training?
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Exercise is a singel bout where as training is repeated bouts of exercise.
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Who is John Ratey?
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Doctor who proposed the theory of De-evolution.
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What is Force?
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That which changes or tends to change the state of rest or motion. F = ma
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What is Force?
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That which changes or tends to change the state of rest or motion. F = ma
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What is the Definition of Physical Activity?
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Any bodily movement produced by the skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure.
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What is the definition of Physical Fitness?
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A subset of physical activity that includes planned, structured, repetitive, and purposefull activity aimed at improving or maintaining 1 or more component of fitness.
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What is the difference between exercise and training?
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Exercise is a singel bout where as training is repeated bouts of exercise.
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What is Force?
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That which changes or tends to change the state of rest or motion. F = ma
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What is Work?
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Force expressed through a displacement with no limitation on time. W=Fd
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What is Power?
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Power is the rate of performing work or the transformation of metabolic potential to work or heat. P=w/t
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What is Titin?
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Molecule that extends from the z-disc to the M-line. Highly elastic and a major contributor to passive muscle force.
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What is the thin filament composed of?
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Two chains of spherical actin molecules.
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Describe the steps in the sliding filament theory?
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1. Calcium increase in the cytosol
2. Calcium binds to troponin 3. Ca-Troponin complex pulls tropomyosin away from actin binding sites. 4. Myosin binds actin and completes power stroke 5. Actin filament moves. |
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What is a Motor Unit?
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The alpha motor neuron and all of the fibers it innervates.
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What determines the number of fibers in a motor unit?
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The precision, accuracy and coordination required of the movement. The more precise the fewer fibers innervated by the alpha motor neuron.
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What range of fiber numbers are present in motor units?
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<10 to >3000 fibers/neuron.
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How is muscle fiber typing completed?
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Local biopsy. first an anesthetic, xylocaine, is given to freeze the area. Once frozen a small incision is made, then the needle.
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What are fiber characteristics determined by?
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1. Myosin-ATPase activity
2. Type of metabolism 3. Fiber Diameter |
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What are external causes of muscle damage?
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Crushing, laceration, chemical, irradiation, thermal.
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What are the internal causes of muscle damage?
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Tears, ruptures, unaccustomed exercise, genetic aberrations, infection, inflammation, ischemia, disease, thermal.
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What effect does alcohol have on muscle?
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Alcoholic Myopathy.
Can be acute or chronic, results in limb weakness, usually in the arms, and larger muscles. 1 binge drinking session = six week set back in training. |
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What is Bipivicaine? How does it effect skeletal muscle?
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Local anesthetic which prevents the opening of sodium channels. therefore no action potential propagation will be seen.
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What is Rifampicin? How does it effect skeletal muscle?
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Antibiotic which prevents the transcription of RNA in bacteria. Can kill muscle cells.
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What is Quinacrine? How does it effect skeletal muscle?
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The is an antimalarial which can cause extreme muscle damage.
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What is Calvacin? How does it effect skeletal muscle?
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Antineoplastic medication, results in extreme weight loss and muscle wasting.
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What is polymyositis?
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Swelling of the muscle to the point circulation is reduced. Cases long term damage.
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What is polydemomyositis?
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Polymoysitis with associated skin symptoms. Rash.
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What is muscular dystrophy?
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Altered or absent dystrophin.
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What are two biological toxins that effect muscle?
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Snake venom. will break muscle cell, allowing calcium to enter and destroy the cell.
Streptocaccaus A or flesh eating bacteria. |
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What is DOMS and how long can it last?
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DOMS is Delay Onset Muscle Soreness. Can last 1 to several days. Generally at its max 36-48 hours post exercise.
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Describe the initial stage of muscle tissue repair.
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This will occur at the time of exercise. immediate mechanical damage has been done to the cross bridges; there will eb a streaming of z-lines. Localized membrane damage; microtears and opening of stretch operated calcium channels.
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What is the Autogenic Stage of tissue repair?
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This occurs 3-4 hours post exercise. Increased intracellular calcium activates protease (calpains) and phospholipidase which are needed to break down muscle cells.
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What stage of tissue repain occurs 4hours to 2/4 days following exercise? Explain.
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The Phagocystic Stage. Here there is a release of troponin and creatine kinase into circulation.
Necrosis is very evident. Infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells and complement. Massive phagocytosis. |
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Why would athletes inject Supraoxidie dismutase?
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It is a free radical scavenger which can result in a sig reduction in loss of tension resulting from lengthening contractions.
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What is the current record for VO2Max?
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90.6 and it is a XC Skier.
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Can fiber type change over time or with training?
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Yes. Aerobic training resulted in an increase in Type 1 fibers.
Also evident in detraining as seen in COPD and Aging; reduced T1 and increases T2 |
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Endurance training will result in what fiber type change?
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Type 2b to 2a
Maybe 2a to 1 |
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High intensity resistance training will result in what fiber type change?
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11b to 11a
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Describe the Histochemical staining process for muscle fiber typing.
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FIbers are separated by staining intensities based on pH.
Type 1 stain in acidic Type 2 stain in basic |
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What fiber types has the fastest contraction time?
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2b>2a>1
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What fiber type has the largest motor units?
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2b>2a>1
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What fiber type is most resistant to fatigue?
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1>2a>2b
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What type of signal occurs in an "all or none" response?
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Action Potential. Not graded potentials.
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Can a single AP convey stimulus strength?
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No stimulus strength is conveyed through the frequency of action potentials. This is the force frequency relationship.
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Where do AP's and GP's act?
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Graded potentials act on the dendrites and the cell bodies while AP's act on the axon hillock.
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What effects AP conduction velocity?
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Conduction velocity depends on fiber diameter and myelination. Larger fibers result in faster conduction speeds.
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What is saltatory conduction?
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In myelinated axons, only the nodes need calcium channels because of the insulating myelin. less nodes = fewer jumps = faster conduction.
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What is the difference between EPSP and IPSP?
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One is excitatory and one is inhibitory. They are different types of chemical synapses, depends on the type of neurotransmitter released. Excitatory will increase the likelihood of reaching threshold while an inhibitory will do the opposite.
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What neurotransmitter(s) are responsible for EPSP's?
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Acetylcholine (ACh)
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What happens when ACh is released from the presynaptic terminal?
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It will excite the post synaptic membrane of the connecting neuron changing the permeability and allowing ions to infuse in. With enough Na+ or K+ it will reach the threshold and produce an AP
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What neurotransmitter(s) are responsible for IPSP's?
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GABA and Glycine
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What is the difference between temporal and spatial summation?
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Temporal summation is the summation of several EPSPs occuring together in time due to the firing of a single presynaptic neuron. Spatial summation is the summation of several different presynaptic EPSPs
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What are Muscle Spindles?
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They are an infrafusal fiber, with afferent nerve endings, enclosed in a fibrous capsule, that sit between extrafusal fibers.
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What is the difference between the nuclear bag fiber and the nuclear chain fiber?
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The nuclear bag fiber is fatter while the chain fiber is thinner
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Where is the Primary sensory afferent fiber located and what is it sensitive to?
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It is wrapped around the central regions of the intrafusal fibers. It sends direct implses to the spinal cord and synapses with alpha motor neurons and interneurons.
It is sensitive to velocity and length |
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Where are the Secondary Afferent neurons located and what are they sensitive to?
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The secondary neurons are on the more polar regions of the intrafusal fibers and are sensitive to length change only.
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Can Muscle spindles degenerate? In what type of situations?
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Yes. With diabetes Primary afferent neurons will start to degenerate and be spaced irregularly around the inftafusal fibers. There will also be a widening of the spindle which will result in less coiling. These people will be less sensitive to length change.
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Give an example of a monosynaptic reflex.
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The knee jerk reflex.
Primary afferent sends an impulse to the spinal cord directly synapsing with the alpha motor neuron causing the quads to fire. |
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Give an example of a disynaptic reflex.
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Knee jerk reflex but also telling the hamstrings to relax.
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What role do Gamma Motor Neurons play in the Intrafusal fibers?
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Because intrafusal fibers contain the exact same contractile proteins as the extrafusal fibers they have the ability to contract. These contractile regions are innervated by the gamma motor neurons.
Contraction of these regions puts a stretch on the central region, sensed by the primary afferents, allowing a smooth coordinated movement. |
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What is Alpha-Gamma Coactivation?
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Gamma motor neurons maintain constant tension on the intrafusal fiber by causing them to contract in response to extrafusal contraction.
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What is the GTO?
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The Golgi Tendon Organ. Sensory nerve endings wrapped around collagen bundles in the tendon.
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How does the GTO work?
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It measures tension development and inhibits motor neuron activation through IPSPs.
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How powerful is the GTO?
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With extreme stretch they can override EPSPs. Major protective mechanism for the muscles.
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Describe the Inverse Myotactic reflex.
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1. Tendon tension increases and GTO activated
2. APs generated along GTO's afferent neuron 3. Activated an inhibitory interneuron which synapses with the motor neuron 4. IPSP created, hyperpolerization of effernt 5. Fewer AP's generated 6. Muscle relaxes and tension subsides. |
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Who was the first person to study the force velocity relationship? When?
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AV Hill in 1922
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Why is the Force Velocity Curve important?
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1) Training for strength and power
2) Detraining: Age and Disease 3) Economy and Efficiency |
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What are the factors affecting Strength and Power?
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Cross Sectional Area, Muscle Length, Intramuscular Coordination, Intermuscular coordination.
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How does CSA affect force development in a muscle?
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Increases in an muscles CSA will result in higher force production. BUT neural factors are still very important in dynamic athletes.
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What are the three things that effect the intramuscular coordination of a muscle?
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Recruitment of motor units, synchronization of MU firing, and frequency of MU firing.
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Why is Intermuscular coordination important?
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Regulates agonist/antagonist interaction. Efficiency of movement.
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What factors determine total muscle tension?
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Angel of contraction
Speed of contraction Type of contraction Frequency of stimulation |
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What are the 4 R's?
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Resistance
Repetition Rest Record |
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How long does it take for hypertrophy to occur with RT?
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min 4-10 weeks, nothing substantial before 20 weeks.
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When will people see an increase in strength with RT? What is this increase due to at this point?
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People starting an RT program will immediately see an increase in strength. This is due to increased motor unit activation.
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How often should volume and intensity be changed in a resistance training program?
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Every 2 -3 weeks as the body adapts very quickly.
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What are the loading parameters to develop max strength?
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1-4R, 4-10S, >3minR, Mod/Fast
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What are the loading parameters to develop hypertrophy?
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8-12R, 2-5S, 1-3minR, Mod
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What are the loading parameters for developing endurance?
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>12R, 1-3S, 1-3minR, mod/fast
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What are the loading parameters for developing power?
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>6 (0-60%)R, 3-5S, >3minR, fast
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What are plyometrics?
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Powerful muscular contractions in response to rapid dynamic loading or stretching of involved muscles.
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What are the three phases in plyometrics?
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1) Lengthening
2) Amortization 3) Shortening |
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What happens in the amortization phase?
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in less than 0.15s the primary 1a afferents must synapse with the alpha motor neuron.
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What are the basic requirements for one to implement plyometric training?
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Bench/Squat 1.5xBW
5 x 60%BW in 5 sec 5 Hand clap pushups |
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Why are their requirements in place to monitor plyometric implementation?
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because of the extreme loading. 7-10x body weight.
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What changes will take place with high volume resistance training?
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No change in Aerobic Power
Increase in Anaerobic Power Increase in Anaerobic Capacity Increase in Lean Muscle Mass Decrease in Body Fat |
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What are the specifications associated with circuit training?
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3 sets x 20-25 reps x 10 stations
40% of 1RM Load can be increased when 25 reps can be completed easily Work 3:1 Rest |
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What is a Wingate test?
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Test to determin peak power within a 5sec interval. It measures peak anaerobic power, not capacity though some will try and argue this point.
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What things effect the rate of lactate removal?
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Passive vs active recovery
intensity of recovery fitness level mitochrondria density enzyme activity (LDH) |
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How long does the ATP-CP system last?
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8-12 seconds
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What is the Role of ATP?
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Cross bridge activity, calcium reuptake, ion channels
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Why is the ATP-CP system so useful?
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Its rapidly available. Not last long but very quickly activated.
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How much can ATP be depleated within the cell?
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there will always be 70% remaining even after all out exercise.
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What is Creatine Phosphate?
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Energy comound stored in the muscles. Energy release is couples with ATP
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Why do we conserve 70% of our ATP? Why not use it all up?
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Even a small drop can cause cellular disturbances. Ex Malignant Hyperthermia
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What is malignant hyperthermia?
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Cellular disruption. Causes uncontrolled release of calcium from the SR. this causes uncontrolled ATP use and a rapid and unstopped rise in body heat.
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When does CP recovery occur the fastest?
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During dynamic activity due to the increase in blood flow and muscle volume.
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Where is Creatine make? From what?
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Creatine is made in the kidney, liver and pancrease from amino acids, glycine, arginine and methionine.
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How much creatine do humans require? Where do they get it from?
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Humans require 2g/day. 1 gram is synthesized in the body, the other required through diet. Red meat. Vegetarians will be low.
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Which fiber type will have more creatine and why?
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FT fibers will have more creatine because they are larger and can re-synthesize it faster.
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What is the main effect of creatine supplementation?
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Increased speed and power through buffering of H+ ions.
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What are the main side effects of creatine supplementation?
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Weight gain, 3kg, in 1-2 days.
Tight or stiff muscles Endogenous production stops. Can increase store 10-30% |
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What is anaerobic glycolysis?
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The conversion of Glucose or Glycogen to Pyruvate.
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What is the capacity of anaerobic glycolysis?
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90-120sec
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What is the difference between glucogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and glycogenesis.
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All occur primarily in the liver. Glucogenesis is the production of glucose, gluconeogenesis is production of glucose from pyruvate, glycerol and amino acids, glycogenesis is the production of glycogen.
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What is the Cori Cycle?
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Cycle where the lactate and pyruvate formed in the muscle can be used by the liver to produce glucose.
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If your starting product is Glucose what is your net ATP in anaerobic glycolysis? Glycogen?
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2 ATP
3 ATP |
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What is the rate limiting step in anaerobic glycolysis?
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PFK between Fructose 6 Phosphate and 3(3-Phosphoglyceraldehyde)
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What is the purpose of lactic acid formation?
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the regeneration of NAD+ for rapid glycolysis when mitochondrial function is inadequate or oxygen supply is low.
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What changes occur with training to the Anaerobic system?
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Increase muscular store of ATP and CP
Increase PFK activity Increase glycogen stores Increased LDH activity Increased Lactate generating potential Increased muscle fiber size. |
