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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the nervous system used for?
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commuincation
regulation |
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What must happen in order to preserve communication?
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message must propagate along each cell and between each cell (synapse)
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Role of Na+ channels?
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depolarization
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Role of K+ Channels? 2
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repolarization
hyperpolarization |
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What muscle cells are not myelinated?
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skeletal muscle
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Where is action potentials generate in saltatory conduction?
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nodes
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Where does graded potentials start?
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dendrites
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Where does action potential start?
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axon hillock
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What is a synapse called in skeletal muscle?
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neuromuscular junction
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What are the 4 different anatomical arrangements of synapses?
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-axo-dendritic
-axo-axonal -dendro-dendritic -dendro-somatic |
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What are the roles of glial cells? 3
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-asctrocytes absorb K+ ions from neurons
-recapture and recyle neurotransmitters -conneted to each by junctions and communicate by Ca2+ |
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Electrical synapses?
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gap junctions found in brain
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What makes the gap junctions in electrical synapses?
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Connexons
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How to remove an action potential?
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reuptake by pre-synaptic neuron
uptake by surrounding glial cell degradation and uptake of components |
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What are the types of transmitters? 5
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-acetylcholine
-biogenic amines -amino acids -peptides -communicating molecules |
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Where is acetylcholine found & its role?
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skeletal muscle
excitatory in presynpatic terminal |
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Role of acetylcholine in CNS?
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wakefulness, attentiveness
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Loss of Acetylcholine?
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receptor dysfunction in Alzheimers
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What are biogenic amines made from?
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amino acid
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What are the 2 types of biogenic amines?
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Catecholamines
Indolamines |
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What are the 3 Catecholamines?
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Dopamine
Norepinephrine Epinephrine |
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Dopamine? 2
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coordination of body movement
makes you feel good |
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Norepinephrine? 4
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sleep/wake
attention feeding feel good |
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What are the 2 types of Indolamines?
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Serotonin
Histamine |
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Serotonin? 2
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sleep and wakefulness
regulation of mood |
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Histamine? 3
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arousal and attention
appetite memory |
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What happens when LSD binds to biogenic amine receptors?
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hallucinations
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What are the types of amino acid neurotransmitters?
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GABA
glycine glutamate |
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What are 2 types of peptide neurotransmitters?
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endorphins
substance P |
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Endorphins?
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block pain and inhibit substance P
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Substance P?
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modulates pain transmission in PNS
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What are the 2 other communicating molecules that are neurotransmitters?
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ATP
NO |
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What determine excitation or inhibition?
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receptor on post synpatic membrane
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Where are EPSP often located?
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dendrites
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What is an example of EPSP?
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Na+/K+
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Where is IPSP usually located?
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cell body
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What is an example of IPSP>
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open Cl- channels
Cl- enters cells and hyperpolarizes |
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Temporal Summation?
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multiple impulses sent rapidly to post-synaptic neuron
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Spatial Summation?
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several pre synaptic neurons send impulses to post-synaptic neuron simultaneously
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Neural intergration?
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pools of neurons communicate
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What are the 3 types of circuits?
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divergent
convergent Oscillating |
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Reflex arc?
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rapid, automatic respones to stimuli
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What are the 2 types of reflexes?
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somatic
visceral |
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What does the somtaic reflex consist of? 5
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-stretch reflex - deep tendon reflex -flexor -crossed extensor -superficial reflexes
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Muscle spindles?
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small sensory receptors in muscle
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Where are sensory fibers located?
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non-contractile center
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What contracts in the stretch reflex?
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gamma motor fibers at the contractile ends
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Why must the spindle tension be maintained at ?
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so that when the skeletal muscle is stretched, the spindle fiber is stretched enough to irritate the sensory nerves
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Flexor?
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withdrawal due to painful stimulus
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Crossed extensor?
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ipsilateral withdrawal and contralateral extension
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what are the superficial reflexes?2
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plantar and abdominal
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what is plantar superficial reflex?
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L4 - S2 integrity. Normal= downward flexion of toes
Abnormal= Babinski sign |
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what is abdominal superficial reflex?
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T8-T12. Normal= umbilicus moves to stimulated side due to abdominal muscle contraction
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