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93 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is LSD?
Lysergic Acid Diethylamid
What is ectasy?
3,4, methylene-dioxy-meth-amphetamine MDMA
What is Rohypnol?
Flunitrazepam
It is estimated that approximately XX percent of 8th graders in the United States have tried illicit drugs and about YY percent of 10th through 12th graders have used an illicit substance.
20%
30%
the most common substance used and abused by adolescents
Alcohol
Binge drinking occurs in about XX percent of adolescents,
6
Psychosocial risk factors mediating the development of substance use disorders include ?
Psychosocial risk factors mediating the development of substance use disorders include parent modeling of substance use,
family conflict,
lack of parental supervision,
peer relationships, and
individual stressful life events
Protective factors that mitigate substance use among adolescents include variables such as
a stable family life,
strong parent–child bond,
consistent parental supervision investment in academic achievement,
and a peer group who model prosocial family and school behaviors.
Approximately one of XX adolescents has used marijuana or hashish
Five
Approximately XX% of adolescents have used cigarettes by age 17 years
33%
Studies of alcohol use among adolescents in the United States have shown that by 13 years of age, XX of boys and almost XX f girls have tried alcohol. By
33%
25%
By 18 years of age, XX percent of males and YY percent of females reported trying alcohol, and ZZ percent reported using alcohol daily
92%
73%
4%
Of high school seniors, XX percent reported using marijuana
YY percent reported using the drug daily
41
2
Emergency room visits for heroin use among those 18 to 25 years of age direction of change, amount of change ... from 1997 to 2000
increased over 50%
Highest users of alcohol in states in teens?
teen in northeast
white teens (less among Roman Catholic white teens)
Most common cause of death in youth age 10 to 24? and give percents
MVA 37%
homicide (14%)
suicide (12%)
Other injuries or accidents (12%)
Of adolescents treated in pediatric trauma centers, XX% are treated for alcohol or drug use
more than one third
What supports genetic contribution of alcholism?
> among bio children of alcoholics than adopted
also children reared outside of bio home have higher risk
Numerous risk factors influence the emergence of adolescent substance abuse. These include:
These include parental belief in the harmlessness of substances,
lack of anger control in families of substance abusers,

lack of closeness and involvement of parents with children's activities,

maternal passivity,

academic difficulties,
comorbid psychiatric disorders such as conduct disorder and depression,

parental and peer substance use,

impulsivity, and

early onset of cigarette smoking
A recent survey showed that drinking was a significant problem for XX percent of adolescents
10 to 20%
Drinking was reported by XX percent of 8th grade students: YY percent reported drinking within the past year, ZZ percent reported having gotten drunk at least once, and AA percent reported binge drinking in the 2 weeks before the survey
54%
27%
13%
By the 12th grade, AA percent of high school students reported drinking, and BB percent drank within the past year; CC percent of 8th grade students, DD percent of 10th grade students, and EE percent of 12th grade students reported daily alcohol use
A. 88%
B. 77%
C. 5%
D. 1.3%
E. 3.6%
Which drug is the most widely used illegal or illicit drug?
Marijuana
Highest prevalence rates of MJ use by culture sex?
Prevalence rates for marijuana are highest among Native American males and females;

these rates are nearly as high in white males and females and

Mexican American males
Lowest MJ annual rates?
Latin American females,
African American females, and
Asian American males and females
Of 8th grade - X%, 10th grade Y% , and 12th grade students Z%, report daily marijuana use.
Of 8th grade, 10th grade, and 12th grade students, 0.2, 0.8, and 2 percent, respectively, report daily marijuana use.
Among juvenile arrests for illicit drug use in 2000, DRUG was the most commonly used drug by both males (55 percent) and females (60 percent).
Marijuana
Cocaine use increasing or decreasing?
The annual cocaine use reported by high school seniors decreased more than 30 percent between 1990 and 2000.
Cocaine, crack use, increasing or decreasing? most common among what age?
The prevalence rates for crack cocaine use, however, is increasing and is most common among those between the ages of 18 and 25
Currently, about XX percent of 8th grade students, YY percent of 10th grade students, and ZZ percent of 12th grade students are estimated to have used cocaine
0.5
1%
2%
Crystal methamphetamine, or “ice”, % change in ten years among 12 graders?
increased from 0.5% to 1.5%
LSD rates higher or lower than past two decades?
lower
Lysergic acid diethylamide is reportedly used by XX percent of 8th grade students, YY percent of 10th grade students, and ZZ percent of 12th grade students. Of 12th grade students, AA percent report daily use.
Lysergic acid diethylamide is reportedly used by 2.7 percent of 8th grade students, 5.6 percent of 10th grade students, and 8.8 percent of 12th grade students. Of 12th grade students, 0.1 percent report daily use.
The popularity of MDMA has X over the past decade and current rates of usage in the United States are in the range of about XX percent for 10th graders and YY percent of 12th graders, despite that the perceived harmfulness of this drug has increased over the last decade to almost ZZ percent among 12th graders
The popularity of MDMA has increased over the past decade and current rates of usage in the United States are in the range of about 5 percent for 10th graders and 8 percent of 12th graders, despite that the perceived harmfulness of this drug has increased over the last decade to almost 50 percent among 12th graders
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, a club drug, has been found in surveys to have a annual prevalence rate of AA percent for 8th graders, BB percent rate for 10 graders, and a CC percent rate of use for 12th grader
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, a club drug, has been found in surveys to have a annual prevalence rate of 1.1 percent for 8th graders, 1.0 percent rate for 10 graders, and a 1.6 percent rate of use for 12th grader
Ketamine, another club drug, recently was found to have a rate of AA percent annual prevalence for 8th graders, BB percent for 10th graders, and CC percent rate for 12th graders.
Ketamine, another club drug, recently was found to have a rate of 1.3 percent annual prevalence for 8th graders, 2.1 percent for 10th graders, and 2.5 percent rate for 12th graders.
Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), a third club drug, has been found to have an annual prevalence rate of about XX percent for all high school grades combined.
1
Despite reported knowledge of the risks of anabolic steroids among high school students, surveys over the last 5 years found rates of anabolic steroid use to be AA percent among 8th graders and BB percent among 10th graders
1.6%

2.1%
The use of inhalants in the form of glue, aerosols, and gasoline is (less common, =, more common) among younger than older adolescents
The use of inhalants in the form of glue, aerosols, and gasoline is relatively more common among younger than older adolescents
Among 8th grade, 10th grade, and 12th grade students, AA, BB, and CC percent, respectively, report using inhalants;
Among 8th grade, 10th grade, and 12th grade students, 17.6, 15.7, and 17.6 percent, respectively, report using inhalants;
AA percent of 8th grade students, BB percent of 10th grade students, and CC percent of 12th grade students report daily use of inhalants.
0.2 percent of 8th grade students, 0.1 percent of 10th grade students, and 0.2 percent of 12th grade students report daily use of inhalants.
Among adolescents enrolled in substance abuse treatment programs, XX percent are polydrug users
96%
XX percent of adolescents who abuse drugs also use alcohol
97%
Alcoholism and twins?
The concordance for alcoholism is reportedly higher among monozygotic than dizygotic twins
Adoption studies and Etoh?
Studies of children of alcoholics reared away from their biological homes have shown that these children have about a 25 percent chance of becoming alcoholics.
Drug abuse and twin studies?
One twin study of drug users showed that the drug abuse concordance for male monozygotic twins was twice that for dizygotic twins.
Psychosocial factors associated with abuse?
LOW MONITORING
A recent study concluded that children in families with the lowest measures of parental supervision and monitoring initiated alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use earlier than children from families with more supervision. The risk was greatest for children below 11 years of age.

Furthermore, increased supervision during middle childhood years may diminish drug and alcohol sampling and ultimately diminish the risk of using marijuana, cocaine, or inhalants in the future.
Substances abuse and comorbidity?
Rates of alcohol and drug use are reportedly higher in relatives of children with depression and bipolar disorders.

Evidence indicates a strong link between early antisocial behavior, conduct disorder, and substance abuse
Comorbidity and teen alcoholism show?
Surveys of adolescents with alcoholism show rates of 50 percent or higher for additional psychiatric disorders, especially mood disorders
A recent survey of adolescents who used alcohol found that more than XX percent met criteria for another disorder. Is that rate higher or lower than for adults?
80%

Higher than adult rate
Which disorders most commonly present with alcohol users?
The disorders most frequently present were depressive disorders,
disruptive behavior disorders, and
drug use disorders.
Which is more likely: other psych ds then alcohol ds or alcohol then other ds?
The diagnosis of alcohol abuse or dependence was likely to follow, rather than precede, other disorders;
Does alcohol disorder onset precede drug abuse or dependence
not necessarily,
In XX percent of cases, alcohol use followed drug use
50%
Alcohol use is gateway to drug use in some, most cases?
some NOT most
Alcohol ds + other psych ds predicts what?
The presence of other psychiatric disorders was associated with an earlier ONSET of alcohol disorder, but it did not seem to indicate a more protracted course of alcoholism
Define substance DEPENDENCE
a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that a person continues the use of a substance, despite significant substance-related problems
Dependence can be applied to every substance, with the exception of X?
caffeine,
What are some less obvious changes associated with substance use ds in teens?
Changes in academic performance, nonspecific physical ailments,

changes in relationships with family members,

changes in peer group,

unexplained phone calls, or

changes in personal hygiene may indicate substance use in an adolescen
Young teens who smoke cigarettes are also exposed to other drugs (less or more) frequently than nonsmoking peers.
more
Which receptors are involed in nicotine?
Nicotine is one of the most addictive substances known, involving

cholinergic receptors, and

enhancing acetylcholine,
serotonin and
β-endorphin release
R. DeBellis, however, has reported that adolescent exposure to alcohol may result in ? brain change?
Diminished hippocampal brain volume

Because the hippocampus is involved with attention, it is conceivable that adolescent alcohol use could result in compromised cognitive function, especially with respect to attention.
Short term effects of THC?
impairment in memory and learning, distorted perception, diminished problem-solving ability, loss of coordination, increased heart rate, anxiety, and panic attacks.
Describe THC withdrawal
Abrupt cessation of heavy marijuana use by adolescents has been reported to result in a withdrawal syndrome characterized by insomnia, irritability, restlessness, drug craving, depressed mood, and nervousness followed by anxiety, tremors, nausea, muscle twitches, increased sweating, myalgia, and general malaise
When does THC withdrawal start, last, peak, and diminish?
Typically, the withdrawal syndrome begins 24 hours after the last use, peaks at 2 to 4 days, and diminishes after 2 weeks.
How can cocaine be used?
Cocaine can be sniffed or snorted, injected, or smoked.
what is Crack?
Crack is the term given to cocaine after it has been changed to a free base for smoking.
Cocaine effects?
Cocaine's effects include constriction of peripheral blood vessels, dilated pupils, hyperthermia, increased heart rate, and hypertension. High doses or prolonged use of cocaine can induce paranoid thinking
Cocaine risks?
The immediate risk of death can occur secondary to cardiac arrest or from seizures followed by respiratory arrest
What is difference between stimulants and cocaine?
n contrast to stimulants used to
P.1297

treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), such as methylphenidate, cocaine quickly crosses the blood–brain barrier and moves off the dopamine transporter within 20 minutes, unlike methylphenidate, which remains bound to dopamine for long periods of time.
Heroin withdrawal? withdrawal timing?
Withdrawal symptoms include restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea and vomiting, cold flashes with goose bumps, and kicking movements.

Withdrawal occurs within a few hours after use and symptoms peak between 48 and 72 hours later, and remit within about a week.
List some club drugs?
MDMA, GHB, Rohypnol, and ketamine.
MDMA effect on brain? body?
MDMA is a derivative of methamphetamine, a synthetic with both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties. MDMA can inhibit serotonin and dopamine reuptake. MDMA can result in dry mouth, increased heart rate, fatigue, muscle spasm, and hyperthermia.
odorless, colorless, and has a slightly bitter tast = which drug?
LSD
Higher doses of X can produce visual hallucinations and delusions and, in some cases, panic.
LSD
The sensations experienced after ingestion of LSD usually diminishes after XX hour
12
Which drug associated with flashbacks?
LSD, up to 1 year after use
Do you get tolerance to LSD?
yes
Is there any typical adolescent user of alcohol or drugs?
NO evidence .. but
many substance users seem to have underlying social skills deficits,

academic difficulties, and less than optimal
peer relationships.
What are general tx goals in teen substance use ds?
prevent substance use behaviors
provide education
address cog/emotio/psych factors influencing use
What are different levels of care for Patients with Substance Use ds?
Child and Adolescent Levels of Care Utilization Services (CALOCUS) outlines 6 levels of care:

Level 0: Basic services (prevention)

Level 1: Recovery maintenance (relapse prevention)

Level 2: Outpatient (once per week visits)

Level 3: Intensive Outpatient (2 or more visits per week)

Level 4: Intensive integrated services (day treatment, partial hospitalization, wraparound services)

Level 5: Nonsecure, 24-hour medically monitored service (group home, residential treatment facility)

Level 6: Secure 24-hour medical management (inpatient psychiatric or highly programmed residential facility)
Describe possible tx settings?
inpatient units,
residential treatment facilities,
halfway houses,
group homes,
partial hospital programs, and outpatient settings
Therapy modalities?
Individual Psychotherapy
Drug specific counselling
Self-help groups (AA)
Education
Relapse prevention programs
Random urine Drug Testing
What scales can be used to assess treatment severity?
The Teen Addiction Severity Index (T-ASI),
the Adolescent Drug and Alcohol Diagnostic Assessment (ADAD),

and the Adolescent Problem Severity Index (APSI) are several severity-oriented rating scales.
Describe the Minnesota Model of Treatment ...
The Minnesota model is based on the premise of AA;

it is an intensive 12-step program with a counselor who functions as the primary therapist.

The program uses self-help participation and group processes. Inherent in this treatment strategy is the need for adolescents to admit that substance use is problematic and that help is necessary.

Furthermore, they must be willing to work toward altering their lifestyle to eradicate substance use
Describe multidisciplinary professional model
consists of a team of mental health professionals that usually is led by a physician.
Following a case-management model, each member of the team has specific areas of treatment for which he or she is responsible

Interventions may include cognitive-behavioral therapy,
family therapy, and
pharmacological intervention. This approach usually is suited for adolescents with comorbid psychiatric diagnoses
How tx substance use + Depressive ds?
SSRI
How can Disulfram be used?
to cause aversive reaction if ingested
Naltrexone use?
To block reinforcing effect of drug for OPIOD or
ALCOHOL abuse
Which drug decreases craving, withdrawal sx?
Clonidine/Catapres .. esp during heroin withdrawal
If teen wants to try methadone, what is usually required?
two documented attempts at failed detoxication
consent from adult
Tx for cigarrette smoking cessation?
nicotine-containing gum, patches, or nasal spray or inhaler. Bupropion (Zyban) aids in diminishing cravings for nicotine and is beneficial in the treatment of smoking cessatio
Common comorbidities in substance abuse among teens?
Mood
Anxiety
Disruptive Behav: Anxiety, COnduct, ADHD