Kk&s Ch.27 Personality Ds

Front 1

Personality disorder is a common and chronic disorder. Its prevalence is estimated between ? and ?percent in the general population, and its duration is expressed in decades.

Back 1

10 and 20%

Front 2

Personality disorder symptoms are ? (i.e., able to adapt to, and alter, the external environment) and ? (i.e., acceptable to the ego).

Back 2

alloplasticseveral

ego-syntonic

Front 3

The best evidence that genetic factors contribute to personality disorders comes from investigations of 15,000 pairs of twins in the United States. Among monozygotic twins, the concordance for personality disorders was ? times that among dizygotic twins

according to one study, monozygotic twins reared apart (are or are not similar) as monozygotic twins reared together.

Back 3

several

are similar

Front 4

Cluster A personality disorders are (less, equally, more) common in the biological relatives of patients with schizophrenia than in control groups

Back 4

more

Front 5

Cluster A disorder with most + fam hx of Sz

Back 5

Sztypal PD

Front 6

(Ds?) is common in the family backgrounds of patients with borderline personality disorder.

Back 6

Depression

Front 7

A strong association is found between histrionic personality disorder and

Back 7

somatization disorder (Briquet's syndrome);

Front 8

Patients with avoidant personality disorder often have high

Back 8

anxiety levels

Front 9

patients with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder show some signs associated with depression—for example

Back 9

shortened rapid eye movement (REM) latency period and
abnormal dexamethasone-suppression test (DST) results

Front 10

Persons who exhibit impulsive traits also often show high levels of

Back 10

hormones:
testosterone,
17-estradiol, and
estrone

Front 11

DST results are abnormal in some patients with ? personality disorder who also have depressive symptoms

Back 11

borderline

Front 12

College students with (low or high) platelet MAO levels report spending more time in social activities than students with (low or high) platelet MAO levels. (low or high) platelet MAO levels have also been noted in some patients with schizotypal disorders.

Back 12

College students with low platelet MAO levels report spending more time in social activities than students with high platelet MAO levels. Low platelet MAO levels have also been noted in some patients with schizotypal disorders.

Front 13

Smooth pursuit eye movements are saccadic (i.e., jumpy) in persons who are

Back 13

introverted,
who have low self-esteem and tend to withdraw, and who have
schizotypal personality disorder.

Front 14

Levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), a metabolite of serotonin, are (low or high) in persons who attempt suicide and in patients who are impulsive and aggressive

Back 14

low

Front 15

Changes in electrical conductance on the electroencephalogram (EEG) occur in some patients with personality disorders, most commonly ? and ? PD's; these changes appear as ?activity on EE

Back 15

Changes in electrical conductance on the electroencephalogram (EEG) occur in some patients with personality disorders, most commonly antisocial and borderline types; these changes appear as slow-wave activity on EE

Front 16

igmund Freud suggested that personality traits are related to a fixation at one psychosexual stage of development. For example, those with an ? character are passive and dependent because they are fixated at the ? stage, when ?

Back 16

igmund Freud suggested that personality traits are related to a fixation at one psychosexual stage of development. For example, those with an oral character are passive and dependent because they are fixated at the oral stage, when the dependence on others for food is prominent.

Front 17

Those with an ? character are stubborn, parsimonious, and highly conscientious because of

Back 17

anal
struggles over toilet training during the anal period.

Front 18

Defense mech:
Persons with paranoid personality disorder, for instance, use ?, whereas schizoid personality disorder is associated with ?.

Back 18

projection

withdrawal

Front 19

In addition to characteristic defenses in personality disorders, another central feature is ???. During development, particular patterns of self in relation to others are internalized. Through ?, children internalize a parent or another significant person as an internal presence that continues to feel like an ? rather than a self.

Through ?, children internalize parents and others in such a way that the traits of the external object are incorporated into the self and the child “owns” the traits.

Back 19

internal object relations

introjection

object

identification

Front 20

To help those with personality disorders, psychiatrists must appreciate patients' underlying defenses, the unconscious mental processes that the ego uses to resolve conflicts among the four lodestars of the inner life:

Back 20

instinct (wish or need), (id)
reality, (ego)
important persons, (object relations)
and conscience (superego)

brackets are my own

Front 21

Many persons who are often labeled schizoid—those who are eccentric, lonely, or frightened—seek solace and satisfaction within themselves by creating imaginary lives, especially imaginary friends. In their extensive dependence on fantasy, these persons often seem to be strikingly aloof. Therapists must understand that the unsociableness of these patients rests on a fear of ?

Rather than criticizing them or feeling rebuffed by their rejection, therapists should

Back 21

intimacy

maintain a quiet, reassuring, and considerate interest without insisting on reciprocal responses

Recognition of patients' fear of closeness and respect for their eccentric ways are both therapeutic and useful.

Front 22

Often therapists deal best with dissociation and denial by using

Back 22

displacement. Thus, clinicians may talk with patients about an issue of denial in an unthreatening circumstance.
Empathizing with the denied affect without directly confronting patients with the facts may allow them to raise the original topic themselves.

Front 23

is characteristic of the orderly, controlled persons who are often labeled obsessive-compulsive personalities

Back 23

Isolation

Front 24

Unlike those with histrionic personality, persons with obsessive-compulsive personality

Back 24

remember the truth in fine detail but without affect.

Front 25

In projection, patients attribute their own unacknowledged feelings to others. Patients' excessive faultfinding and sensitivity to criticism may appear to therapists as prejudiced, hypervigilant injustice collecting,
How should tx respond?

Back 25

but should not be met by defensiveness and argument

Instead, clinicians should frankly acknowledge even minor mistakes on their part and should discuss the possibility of future difficulties.

Strict honesty,
concern for patients' rights, and
maintaining the same formal, concerned distance as used with patients who use fantasy defenses are all helpful.
Confrontation guarantees a lasting enemy and early termination of the interview.

Front 26

The technique of ? is especially helpful. Clinicians acknowledge and give paranoid patients full credit for their feelings and perceptions; they neither dispute patients' complaints nor reinforce them, but agree that the world described by patients is conceivable. Interviewers can then talk about real motives and feelings, misattributed to someone else, and begin to cement an alliance with patients.

Back 26

counterprojection

Front 27

In ?, persons toward whom patients' feelings are, or have been, ambivalent are divided into good and bad. For example, in an inpatient setting, a patient may idealize some staff members and uniformly disparage others.

Back 27

splitting

Front 28

Persons with ? defense turn their anger against themselves. In psychoanalytic terms this phenomenon is called ? and includes failure, procrastination, silly or provocative behavior, self-demeaning clowning, and frankly self-destructive acts.

Back 28

passive-aggressive

masochism

Front 29

Therapists can best deal with passive aggression by

Back 29

helping patients to ventilate their anger.

Front 30

In ?, patients directly express unconscious wishes or conflicts through action to avoid being conscious of either the accompanying idea or the affect.

Response of clinician?

Back 30

acting out

Response: seek attention
Depending on the circumstances, a clinician's response may be, “How can I help you if you keep screaming?” Or, if the patient's loss of control seems to be escalating, say, “If you continue screaming, I'll leave.” An interviewer who feels genuinely frightened of the patient can simply leave and, if necessary, ask for help from ward attendants or the police.

Front 31

The defense mechanism of projective identification appears mainly in ? personality disorder and consists of three steps ???

Back 31

First, an aspect of the self is projected onto someone else. The projector then tries to coerce the other person into identifying with what has been projected. Finally, the recipient of the projection and the projector feel a sense of oneness or union.

Front 32

Persons with ? personality disorder are characterized by long-standing suspiciousness and mistrust of persons in genera

Back 32

paranoid

Front 33

Paranoid PD:
gender bias?
> in which populations?

Back 33

> in men
minority groups,
immigrants, and persons who are
deaf than it is in the general population.

Front 34

The hallmarks of ? personality disorder are excessive suspiciousness and distrust of others expressed as a pervasive tendency to interpret actions of others as deliberately demeaning, malevolent, threatening, exploiting, or deceiving.

Back 34

paranoid

Front 35

Persons with this disorder externalize their own emotions and use the defense of projection.

Back 35

Paranoid PD

Front 36

Ideas of reference and logically defended illusions are common

Back 36

Paranoid PD

Front 37

Persons with ? personality disorder are affectively restricted and appear to be unemotional. They pride themselves on being rational and objective, but such is not the case. They lack warmth and are impressed with, and pay close attention to, power and rank

Back 37

paranoid

Front 38

They express disdain for those they see as weak, sickly, impaired, or in some way defective.

Back 38

Paranoid PD

Front 39

In social situations, persons with ? personality disorder may appear business-like and efficient, but they often generate fear or conflict in others.

Back 39

paranoid

Front 40

Paranoid personality disorder can be distinguished from borderline personality disorder because patients who are paranoid are rarely capable of

Back 40

overly involved, tumultuous relationships with others.

Front 41

? is the treatment of choice for paranoid personality disorder

Back 41

Psychotherapy

Front 42

? personality disorder is diagnosed in patients who display a lifelong pattern of social withdrawal

Back 42

Schizoid

Front 43

Paranoid PD:
gender bias?
> in which populations?

Back 43

> in men
minority groups,
immigrants, and persons who are
deaf than it is in the general population.

Front 44

The hallmarks of ? personality disorder are excessive suspiciousness and distrust of others expressed as a pervasive tendency to interpret actions of others as deliberately demeaning, malevolent, threatening, exploiting, or deceiving.

Back 44

paranoid

Front 45

Persons with this disorder externalize their own emotions and use the defense of projection.

Back 45

Paranoid PD

Front 46

Ideas of reference and logically defended illusions are common

Back 46

Paranoid PD

Front 47

Persons with ? personality disorder are affectively restricted and appear to be unemotional. They pride themselves on being rational and objective, but such is not the case. They lack warmth and are impressed with, and pay close attention to, power and rank

Back 47

paranoid

Front 48

They express disdain for those they see as weak, sickly, impaired, or in some way defective.

Back 48

Paranoid PD

Front 49

In social situations, persons with ? personality disorder may appear business-like and efficient, but they often generate fear or conflict in others.

Back 49

paranoid

Front 50

Paranoid personality disorder can be distinguished from borderline personality disorder because patients who are paranoid are rarely capable of

Back 50

overly involved, tumultuous relationships with others.

Front 51

? is the treatment of choice for paranoid personality disorder

Back 51

Psychotherapy

Front 52

? personality disorder is diagnosed in patients who display a lifelong pattern of social withdrawal

Back 52

Schizoid

Front 53

Schizoid PD gender bias?

Back 53

2:1 male to female

Front 54

Theoretically, the chief distinction between a patient with schizotypal personality disorder and one with schizoid personality disorder is that the patient who is ? is more similar to a patient with schizophrenia in oddities of perception, thought, behavior, and communication

Back 54

schizotypal

Front 55

Patients with avoidant personality disorder are isolated but ? a characteristic absent in those with schizoid personality disorder

Back 55

strongly wish to participate in activities,

Front 56

The onset of schizoid personality disorder usually occurs in early ?

Back 56

childhood

Front 57

Persons with ? personality disorder are strikingly odd or strange, even to laypersons

Back 57

schizotypal

Front 58

Magical thinking, peculiar notions, ideas of reference, illusions, and derealization are part of a ? person's everyday world

Back 58

schizotypal

Front 59

Schizoid occurs in about ?
Schizotypal personality disorder occurs in about ? percent of the population

Back 59

7.5%

3%

Front 60

A greater association of cases exists among the biological relatives of patients with schizophrenia than among controls, and a higher incidence among monozygotic twins than among dizygotic twins (? percent versus ? percent in one study).

Back 60

3%
vs
4%

Front 61

A long-term study by Thomas McGlashan reported that ? percent of those with schizotypal personality disorder eventually committed suicide.

Back 61

10

Front 62

The prevalence of antisocial personality disorder is ? percent in men and ? percent in women.

Back 62

3 vs 1

Front 63

It is most common in poor urban areas and among mobile residents of these areas
Dx?

Back 63

ASPD

Front 64

ASPD: True or false
Boys with the disorder come from smaller families than girls with the disorder

Back 64

False
LARGER

Front 65

The onset of the disorder is before the age of ?

Back 65

15

Front 66

In prison populations, the prevalence of antisocial personality disorder may be as high as ? percent.

Back 66

75

Front 67

ASPD disorder is ? times more common among first-degree relatives of men with the disorder than among controls.

Back 67

five

Front 68

ASPD workup should include?

Back 68

A diagnostic workup should include a thorough neurological examination. Because patients often show abnormal EEG results and soft neurological signs suggesting minimal brain damage in childhood, these findings can be used to confirm the clinical impression.

Front 69

If patients with antisocial personality disorder are ?, they often become amenable to psychotherapy

Back 69

immobilized (e.g., placed in hospitals)

Front 70

When ASPD patients feel that they are among peers, their lack of motivation for change increases or decreases?

Back 70

decreases

Front 71

No definitive prevalence studies are available, but borderline personality disorder is thought to be present in about ? to ?percent of the population and is ? as common in women as in men.

Back 71

No definitive prevalence studies are available, but borderline personality disorder is thought to be present in about 1 to 2 percent of the population and is twice as common in women as in men.

Front 72

An increased prevalence of ? disorder, ?disorder is found in first-degree relatives of persons with borderline personality disorder

Back 72

An increased prevalence of major depressive disorder, alcohol use disorders, and substance abuse is found in first-degree relatives of persons with borderline personality disorder

Front 73

Biological studies may aid in the diagnosis; some patients with borderline personality disorder show ? REM latency and sleep continuity disturbances,
abnormal ? results, and
abnormal ? hormone test results

Those changes, however, are also seen in some patients with ? disorders.

Back 73

Biological studies may aid in the diagnosis; some patients with borderline personality disorder show shortened REM latency and sleep continuity disturbances, abnormal DST results, and abnormal thyrotropin-releasing hormone test results

depressive

Front 74

Most therapists agree that these patients with Borderline PD show (poor, normal, high) reasoning abilities on structured tests, such as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and

show (normal, abnormal) processes on unstructured projective tests, such as the Rorschach test.

Back 74

Most therapists agree that these patients show ordinary reasoning abilities on structured tests, such as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and show deviant processes only on unstructured projective tests, such as the Rorschach test.

Front 75

DDX of Borderline PD?

Back 75

other psychotic disorders
Sztypal
Paranoid PD

Front 76

Longitudinal studies show (no, some, much) progression toward schizophrenia,

Back 76

NO

Front 77

The diagnosis is usually made before the age of ?, when patients are attempting to make occupational, marital, and other choices and are unable to deal with the normal stages of the life cycle.

Back 77

40

Front 78

Common Features of Recommended Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorder

Back 78

1. Therapy is not expected to be brief.
2. A strong helping relationship develops between patient and therapist.
3. Clear roles and responsibilities of patient and therapist are established.
4. Therapist is active and directive, not a passive listener.
5 .Patient and therapist mutually develop a hierarchy of priorities.
6. Therapist conveys empathic validation plus the need for patient to control his/her behavior.
7. Flexibility is needed as new circumstances, including stresses, develop.
8. Limit setting, preferably mutually agreed upon, is used.
9. Concomitant individual and group approaches are used.

Front 79

A reality-oriented approach is (less or more) effective than in-depth interpretations of the unconscious for patients with B PD

Back 79

mroe

Front 80

No definitive prevalence studies are available, but borderline personality disorder is thought to be present in about ? to ?percent of the population and is ? as common in women as in men.

Back 80

No definitive prevalence studies are available, but borderline personality disorder is thought to be present in about 1 to 2 percent of the population and is twice as common in women as in men.

Front 81

An increased prevalence of ? disorder, ?disorder is found in first-degree relatives of persons with borderline personality disorder

Back 81

An increased prevalence of major depressive disorder, alcohol use disorders, and substance abuse is found in first-degree relatives of persons with borderline personality disorder

Front 82

Biological studies may aid in the diagnosis; some patients with borderline personality disorder show ? REM latency and sleep continuity disturbances,
abnormal ? results, and
abnormal ? hormone test results

Those changes, however, are also seen in some patients with ? disorders.

Back 82

Biological studies may aid in the diagnosis; some patients with borderline personality disorder show shortened REM latency and sleep continuity disturbances, abnormal DST results, and abnormal thyrotropin-releasing hormone test results

depressive

Front 83

Most therapists agree that these patients with Borderline PD show (poor, normal, high) reasoning abilities on structured tests, such as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and

show (normal, abnormal) processes on unstructured projective tests, such as the Rorschach test.

Back 83

Most therapists agree that these patients show ordinary reasoning abilities on structured tests, such as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and show deviant processes only on unstructured projective tests, such as the Rorschach test.

Front 84

DDX of Borderline PD?

Back 84

other psychotic disorders
Sztypal
Paranoid PD

Front 85

Longitudinal studies show (no, some, much) progression toward schizophrenia,

Back 85

NO

Front 86

BordPD have a (low, populatin, high) incidence of major depressive disorder episodes.

Back 86

high

Front 87

The diagnosis is usually made before the age of ?, when patients are attempting to make occupational, marital, and other choices and are unable to deal with the normal stages of the life cycle.

Back 87

40

Front 88

Common Features of Recommended Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorder

Back 88

1. Therapy is not expected to be brief.
2. A strong helping relationship develops between patient and therapist.
3. Clear roles and responsibilities of patient and therapist are established.
4. Therapist is active and directive, not a passive listener.
5 .Patient and therapist mutually develop a hierarchy of priorities.
6. Therapist conveys empathic validation plus the need for patient to control his/her behavior.
7. Flexibility is needed as new circumstances, including stresses, develop.
8. Limit setting, preferably mutually agreed upon, is used.
9. Concomitant individual and group approaches are used.

Front 89

A reality-oriented approach is (less or more) effective than in-depth interpretations of the unconscious for patients with B PD

Back 89

mroe

Front 90

According to DSM-IV-TR, limited data from general population studies suggest a prevalence of histrionic personality disorder of about ? to ? percent. Rates of about ? to ? percent have been reported in inpatient and outpatient mental health settings when structured assessment is used.

Back 90

According to DSM-IV-TR, limited data from general population studies suggest a prevalence of histrionic personality disorder of about 2 to 3 percent. Rates of about 10 to 15 percent have been reported in inpatient and outpatient mental health settings when structured assessment is used.

Front 91

The major defenses of patients with histrionic personality disorder are and .

Back 91

repression
dissociation

Front 92

?, whether group or individual, is probably the treatment of choice for histrionic personality disorder.

Back 92

Psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy

Front 93

According to DSM-IV-TR, estimates of the prevalence of narcissistic personality disorder range from ? to ? percent in the clinical population and less than? percent in the general population.

Back 93

According to DSM-IV-TR, estimates of the prevalence of narcissistic personality disorder range from 2 to 16 percent in the clinical population and less than 1 percent in the general population.

Front 94

Persons with ? personality disorder show extreme sensitivity to rejection and may lead a socially withdrawn life. Although shy, they are not asocial and show a great desire for companionship, but they need unusually strong guarantees of uncritical acceptance.

Back 94

avoidant

Front 95

Avoidant PD
The prevalence of the disorder is 1 to ? percent of the general population.

Back 95

10%

Front 96

Hypersensitivity to rejection by others is the central clinical feature of ? personality disorder, and patients' main personality trait is timidity

Back 96

avoidant

Front 97

Dependent personality disorder is more common in (gender?) One study diagnosed ? percent of all personality disorders as falling into this category

Back 97

Dependent personality disorder is more common in women than in men. One study diagnosed 2.5 percent of all personality disorders as falling into this category

Front 98

Dependent PD is (less or more) common in young children than in older ones.

Back 98

MORE

Front 99

The treatment of dependent personality disorder is (rare, sometimes, often, always) successful

Back 99

often

Front 100

Tx of dependent PD

Back 100

Insight-oriented therapies enable patients to understand the antecedents of their behavior, and with the support of a therapist, patients can become more independent, assertive, and self-reliant. Behavioral therapy, assertiveness training, family therapy, and group therapy have all been used, with successful outcomes in many cases.

Front 101

OCPD is (less, more) common in men than in women and is diagnosed most often in (youngest, middle, oldest) children.
The disorder also occurs (less or more) frequently in first-degree biological relatives of persons with the disorder than in the general population.
Patients often have backgrounds characterized by ?.

Freud hypothesized that the disorder is associated with difficulties in the ? stage of psychosexual development, generally around the age of ?, but various studies have failed to validate this theory.

Back 101

It is more common in men than in women and is diagnosed most often in oldest children. The disorder also occurs more frequently in first-degree biological relatives of persons with the disorder than in the general population. Patients often have backgrounds characterized by harsh discipline. Freud hypothesized that the disorder is associated with difficulties in the anal stage of psychosexual development, generally around the age of 2, but various studies have failed to validate this theory.

Front 102

? is the desire to cause others pain by being either sexually abusive or generally physically or psychologically abusive. It is named for the ?, a late 18th century writer of erotica describing persons who experienced sexual pleasure while inflicting pain on others

Back 102

Sadism

Marquis de Sade

Front 103

Freud believed that sadists ward off castration anxiety and are able to achieve sexual pleasure only when

Back 103

they can do to others what they fear will be done to them.

Front 104

?, named for ?, a 19th century German novelist, is the achievement of sexual gratification by inflicting pain on the self.

Back 104

Masochism
Leopold von Sacher-Masoch

Front 105

Freud believed that masochists' ability to achieve orgasm is disturbed by

Back 105

anxiety and guilt feelings about sex, which are alleviated by suffering and punishment.

Front 106

Medical Conditions Associated with Personality Change

Back 106

Head trauma
Cerebrovascular diseases
Cerebral tumors
Epilepsy (particularly, complex partial epilepsy)
Huntington's disease
Multiple sclerosis
Endocrine disorders
Heavy metal poisoning (manganese, mercury)
Neurosyphilis
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Front 107

? to the brain is usually the cause of the personality change, and ? is probably the most common cause.

Back 107

Structural damage to the brain is usually the cause of the personality change, and head trauma is probably the most common cause.

Front 108

A change in personality from previous patterns of behavior or an exacerbation of previous personality characteristics is notable. Impaired ? is a cardinal featur

Back 108

control of the expression of emotions and impulses

Front 109

Personality Ds due to GMC:
Emotions are characteristically

Back 109

labile and shallow, although euphoria or apathy may be prominent
The euphoria may mimic hypomania, but true elation is absent, and patients may admit to not really feeling happy. There is a hollow and silly ring to their excitement and facile jocularity, particularly when the frontal lobes are involved.

Front 110

Also associated with damage to the ? lobes, the so-called? syndrome, is prominent indifference and apathy, characterized by a lack of concern for events in the immediate environment.

Back 110

frontal

Front 111

Persons with ? characteristically show humorlessness, hypergraphia, hyperreligiosity, and marked aggressiveness during ?.

Back 111

temporal lobe epilepsy

Front 112

The psychobiology of harm avoidance is complex. ? disinhibit avoidance by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic inhibition of serotonergic neurons originating in the dorsal raphe nuclei.

Back 112

Benzodiazepines

Front 113

Positron emission tomography (PET) at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) with [18F]-deoxyglucose (FDG) in 31 healthy adult volunteers during a simple, continuous, performance task showed that harm avoidance was associated with

Back 113

increased activity
in the anterior paralimbic circuit, specifically the right amygdala and insula, the right orbitofrontal cortex, and the left medial prefrontal cortex.

Front 114

(low or high) GABA concentrations in plasma have also been correlated with low harm avoidance.

Back 114

HIGH (i.e., High Gaba = harm seeking)

Front 115

Finally, a gene on chromosome ? that regulates the expression of the serotonin transporter accounts for 4 to 9 percent of the total variance in harm avoidance

Back 115

17q12

Front 116

findings support a role for both ? and ? projections from the dorsal raphe underlying individual differences in behavioral inhibition as measured by harm avoidance

Back 116

GABA
serotonergic

Front 117

Rx?
Affective aggression (hot temper with normal EEG)

Back 117

Lithiuma
Serotonergic drugsa
Anticonvulsantsa
Low-dosage antipsychotics

Front 118

Predatory aggression (hostility/cruelty)

Back 118

Antipsychoticsa
Lithium
β-Adrenergic receptor antagonists

Front 119

Organic-like aggression

Back 119

Imipraminea
Cholinergic agonists (donepezil)

Front 120

Ictal aggression (abnormal EEG)

Back 120

Carbamazepinea
Diphenylhydantoina
Benzodiazepines

Front 121

Emotional labilit

Back 121

Lithiuma
Antipsychotics

Front 122

Atypical depression, dysphoria

Back 122

MAOIsa
Serotonergic drugsa
Antipsychotics

Front 123

Emotional detachment

Back 123

Serotonin-dopamine antagonistsa
Atypical antipsychotics

Front 124

Chronic cognitive

Back 124

Serotonergic drugsa
MAOIsa
Benzodiazepines

Front 125

Chronic somatic

Back 125

MAOIsa
β-Adrenergic receptor antagonists

Front 126

Severe anxiety

Back 126

Low-dose antipsychotics
MAOIs

Front 127

Acute and psychosis

Back 127

Antipsychotics

Front 128

Chronic and low-level psychotic-like symptoms

Back 128

Low-dose antipsychoticsa

Front 129

High Pessimistic
Low Optimistic
High Fearful
Low Daring
High Shy
Low Outgoing
High Fatigable
Low Energetic

Back 129

Harm Avoidance pattern

Front 130

Exploratory Low Reserved
Impulsive Low Deliberate
Extravagant Low Thrifty
Irritable Low Stoical

Back 130

Novelty seeking

Front 131

HighSentimental Low Detached
High Open Low Aloof
Warm LowCold
Affectionate Low Independent

Back 131

Reward dependence

Front 132

Industrious Low Lazy
Determined Low Spoiled
Enthusiastic Low Underachieving
Perfectionist Low Pragmatic

Back 132

Persistence

Front 133

? projections have a crucial role in novelty seeking.

Back 133

Dopaminergic

Front 134

Novelty seeking involves increased reuptake of ? at ? terminals, thereby requiring frequent stimulation to maintain optimal levels of postsynaptic ? stimulation.

Back 134

Novelty seeking involves increased reuptake of dopamine at presynaptic terminals, thereby requiring frequent stimulation to maintain optimal levels of postsynaptic dopaminergic stimulation

Front 135

Novelty seeking leads to various pleasure-seeking behaviors, including cigarette smoking, which may explain the frequent observation of ? platelet MAO type B (MAOB) activity, because cigarette smoking inhibits ? activity in platelets and brain.

Back 135

Novelty seeking leads to various pleasure-seeking behaviors, including cigarette smoking, which may explain the frequent observation of low platelet MAO type B (MAOB) activity, because cigarette smoking inhibits MAOB activity in platelets and brain.

Front 136

Studies of genes involved in dopamine neurotransmission, such as the dopamine transporter gene ?) and the ? have provided evidence of association with novelty seeking or risk-taking behavior

Back 136

Studies of genes involved in dopamine neurotransmission, such as the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) and the type 4 dopamine receptor gene (DRD4) have provided evidence of association with novelty seeking or risk-taking behavior

Front 137

Noradrenergic projections from the locus ceruleus and serotonergic projections from the median raphe are thought to influence

Back 137

such reward conditioning

Front 138

High reward dependence is associated with increased activity in the

Back 138

thalamus

Front 139

The 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) concentration is ? in persons with high reward dependence.

Back 139

low