Kk&s Ch.21 Human Sexuality

Front 1

?is the pattern of a person's biological sexual characteristics: chromosomes, external genitalia, internal genitalia, hormonal composition, gonads, and secondary sex characteristics.

Back 1

Sexual identity

Front 2

? identity is a person's sense of maleness or femaleness

Back 2

Gender

Front 3

By ? years of age, almost everyone has a firm conviction that “I am male” or “I am female.

Back 3

2 to 3

Front 4

Results from excess androgens in fetus with XX genotype; most common female intersex disorder; associated with enlarged clitoris, fused labia, hirsutism in adolescence

Back 4

Virilizing adrenal hyperplasia (adrenogenital syndrome)

Front 5

Results from absence of second female sex chromosome (XO); associated with web neck, dwarfism, cubitus valgus; no sex hormones produced; infertile

Back 5

Turner's syndrome

Front 6

Genotype is XXY; male habitus present with small penis and rudimentary testes because of low androgen production; weak libido; usually assigned as male

Back 6

Klinefelter's syndrome

Front 7

Congenital X-linked recessive disorder that results in inability of tissues to respond to androgens; external genitals look female and cryptorchid testes present; in extreme form patient has breasts, normal external genitals, short blind vagina, and absence of pubic and axillary hair

Back 7

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (testicular-feminizing syndrome)

Front 8

Congenital interruption in production of testosterone that produces ambiguous genitals and female habitus

Back 8

Enzymatic defects in XY genotype (e.g., 5-α-reductase deficiency, 17-hydroxy-steroid deficiency)

Front 9

rare and characterized by both testes and ovaries in same person (may be 46 XX or 46 XY)

Back 9

Hermaphroditism

Front 10

Usually the result of endocrine or enzymatic defect (e.g., adrenal hyperplasia) in persons with normal chromosomes;

female ? have masculine-looking genitals but are XX;

male ? have rudimentary testes and external genitals and are XY

Back 10

Pseudohermaphroditism

Front 11

? describes the object of a person's sexual impulses: heterosexual (opposite sex), homosexual (same sex), or bisexual (both sexes).

Back 11

Sexual orientation

Front 12

In studies of young men, some areas of the brain have been found to be more active during sexual stimulation than others.
These include the ? cortex, which is involved in emotions; the ? cortex, which is involved in hormone control and sexual arousal; and the ?, whose activity is a factor in whether sexual activity follows arousal.

Back 12

oribitofrontal cortex

left anterior cingulate cortex

right caudate nucleus

Front 13

In all mammals, the limbic system is directly involved with elements of sexual functioning. Chemical or electrical stimulation of the lower part of the septum and the contiguous preoptic area, the fimbria of the hippocampus, the mammilary bodies, and the anterior thalamic nuclei have all ?

Back 13

elicited penile erections

Front 14

Studies of the brain in women have revealed that those areas activated by emotions of fear or anxiety are notably ?active/inactive when the woman experiences an orgasm.

Back 14

inactive

Front 15

Brainstem sites exert inhibitory and excitatory control over spinal sexual reflexes. The nucleus paragigantocellularis projects directly to pelvic efferent neurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord, apparently causing them to secrete ?, which is known to inhibit orgasms

Back 15

serotonin

Front 16

an increase in (neurotransmitter) is presumed to increase libido.

Back 16

dopamine

Front 17

(NT?), produced in the upper pons and midbrain, exerts an inhibitory effect on sexual function

Back 17

serotonin

Front 18

(NT?) is released with orgasm and is believed to reinforce pleasurable activities

Back 18

Oxytocin

Front 19

he text revision of the fourth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) defines a four-phase sexual response cycle

Back 19

phase 1, desire;
phase 2, excitement;
phase 3, orgasm;
phase 4, resolution.

Front 20

The phase is characterized by sexual fantasies and the desire to have sexual activity.

Back 20

Phase 1 desire

Front 21

Male:
Excitement Phase,
Orgasmic Phase
Resoluttion phase
time periods

Back 21

E: Lasts several minutes to several hours; heightened excitement before orgasm, 30 seconds to 3 minutes 3 to 15 seconds 10 to 15 minutes; if no orgasm, ½ to 1 day

O: 3 to 15 seconds

R: 10 to 15 minutes; if no orgasm, ½ to 1 day

Front 22

Male Skin changes?
Penile Changes?

Back 22

Skin: maculopapular rash from abs going up > flush > reverse order disappearance of flush
Penis: erection > ejaculation: 3 to 4 0.8 second contractions; spurt 12 to 20 inches at age 18 to seepage by age 70 > full detumescence 5 to 30m

Front 23

Male Scrotum changes?

Back 23

E: increase in size, elevation
O: no change
R: decrease size, descent within 5 to 30 minutes unless no orgasm (up to several hours of staying increased size, elevation)

Front 24

Male Cowper's glands?

Back 24

E: 2 to 3 drops of mucoid fluid that contain viable sperm are secreted during heightened excitement

Front 25

The male orgasm is also associated with four to five rhythmic spasms of the ?

Back 25

prostate, seminal vesicles, vas, and urethra

Front 26

In women, orgasm is characterized by 3 to 15 involuntary contractions of the

Back 26

lower third of the vagina and by strong sustained contractions of the uterus, flowing from the fundus downward to the cervix

Front 27

orgasm: Both men and women have involuntary contractions of the

Back 27

internal and external anal sphincters.

Front 28

women: excitement phase, orgasmic phase, resolution?

Back 28

Lasts several minutes to several hours; heightened excitement before orgasm, 30 seconds to 3 minutes

3 to 15 seconds

10 to 15 minutes; if no orgasm, 1/2 to 1 day

Front 29

women skin changes?

Back 29

E: Just before orgasm: sexual flush inconsistently appears; maculopapular rash originates on abdomen and spreads to anterior chest wall, face, and neck; can include shoulders and forearms
O: Well-developed flush

R: Flush disappears in reverse order of appearance; inconsistently appearing film of perspiration on soles of feet and palms of hands

Front 30

women breast changes?

Back 30

E: Nipple erection in two thirds of women, venous congestion and areolar enlargement; size increases to one fourth over normal

O: Breasts may become tremulous

R: Return to normal in about 30 minutes

Front 31

Women Clitoris changes?

Back 31

E: Enlargement in diameter of glands and shaft; just before orgasm, shaft retracts into prepuce
O: No change
R: Shaft returns to normal position in 5 to 10 seconds; detumescence in 5 to 30 minutes; if no orgasm, detumescence takes several hours

Front 32

Women Labia majora changes

Back 32

E: Nullipara: elevate and flatten against perineum
Multipara: congestion and edem

O: No change

R: Nullipara: decrease to normal size in 1 to 2 minutes
Multipara: decrease to normal size in 10 to 15 minutes

Front 33

Women Labia minora changes?

Back 33

Size increased two to three times over normal; change to pink, red, deep red before orgasm

Contractions of proximal labia minora

Return to normal within 5 minutes

Front 34

Women Vaginal changes?

Back 34

Color change to dark purple; vaginal transudate appears 10 to 30 seconds after arousal; elongation and ballooning of vagina; lower third of vagina constricts before orgasm

3 to 15 contractions of lower third of vagina at intervals of 0.8 second

Ejaculate forms seminal pool in upper two thirds of vagina; congestion disappears in seconds or, if no orgasm, in 20 to 30 minutes

Front 35

Women Uterus changes?

Back 35

Ascends into false pelvis; labor-like contractions begin in heightened excitement just before orgasm

Contractions throughout orgasm

Contractions cease, and uterus descends to normal position

Front 36

Difference in male/female refractory period?

Back 36

After orgasm, men have a refractory period that may last from several minutes to many hours; in that period they cannot be stimulated to further orgasm. Women do not have a refractory period and are capable of multiple and successive orgasms.

Front 37

If orgasm does not occur, female resolution may take?

Back 37

from 2 to 6 hours and may be associated with irritability and discomfort

Front 38

In general, substances that increase ? levels in the brain increase desire, whereas substances that augment ? decrease desire.

Back 38

dopamine

serotonin

Front 39

? increases libido in both men and women, although ? is a key factor in the lubrication involved in female arousal and may increase sensitivity in the woman to stimulation.

Back 39

Testosterone increases libido in both men and women, although estrogen is a key factor in the lubrication involved in female arousal and may increase sensitivity in the woman to stimulation.

Front 40

? mildly depresses desire in men and women as do excessive ? and ?.

Back 40

Progesterone mildly depresses desire in men and women as do excessive prolactin and cortisol.

Front 41

? is involved in pleasurable sensations during sex and is found in higher levels in men and women following orgasm

Back 41

Oxytocin

Front 42

At about ? months of age, both sexes begin genital self-stimulation

Back 42

15 to 19

Front 43

Moral taboos against masturbation have generated myths that masturbation causes mental illness or decreased sexual potency. Evidence?

Back 43

No scientific evidence supports such claims.

Masturbation is a psychopathological symptom only when it becomes a compulsion beyond a person's willful control.

Front 44

Several studies found that in men, orgasm from masturbation raised the serum ?

Back 44

prostate-specific antigen (PSA) significantly. Male patients scheduled for PSA tests should be advised not to masturbate (or have coitus) for at least 7 days prior to the examination

Front 45

In 19? homosexuality was eliminated as a diagnostic category by the American Psychiatric Association, and in 19?, it was removed from DSM

Back 45

1973
1980

Front 46

Recent research reports rates of homosexuality in ? percent of the population

Back 46

2 to 4

Front 47

According to Kinsey's data, about ?of all prepubertal boys have had some genital experience with a male partner.

Back 47

50%

Front 48

Preadolescent girls exposed to large amounts of ? before birth are uncharacteristically aggressive, and boys exposed to excessive ? in utero are less athletic, less assertive, and less aggressive than other boys.

Back 48

Preadolescent girls exposed to large amounts of androgens before birth are uncharacteristically aggressive, and boys exposed to excessive female hormones in utero are less athletic, less assertive, and less aggressive than other boys.