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188 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Certain basic tenets of Freud's thinking have remained central to psychiatric and psychotherapeutic practice. Among these are
notion of psychic determination,

unconscious mental activity,

and the role of childhood experience in shaping the adult personality.
define transference
Transference is the patient's displacement onto the analyst of early wishes and feelings toward persons from the past.
Slips of the tongue, which he called ?, often reveal unconscious intent that is outside the individual's awareness
parapraxes
Freud attempted to remove symptoms through a process of recovering and verbalizing suppressed feelings with which the symptoms were associated. This method came to be known as .
abreaction
Through his experiments with abreaction and catharsis, Freud learned that his patients were often unable or unwilling to recount memories that subsequently proved very significant. Freud referred to this reluctance as ?, and later determined that ? was caused by largely unconscious, active forces in patients' minds.
resistance
Freud described this active process of excluding distressing material from conscious awareness as ?, which he came to regard as essential to symptom formation.
repression
Because of the forces of repression and resistance, Freud abandoned his cathartic method and switched to ?—inviting his patients to say whatever came into their minds without censoring their thoughts.
Freud's treatment of patients with hysteria
free association
Most of all, Freud was struck by the intimate connection between dream content and unconscious memories or fantasies that were long repressed. This observation led Freud to declare that the interpretation of dreams was the to understanding the unconscious.
royal road
In The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud asserted that a dream is
the disguised fulfillment of an unconscious childhood wish that is not readily accessible to conscious awareness in waking life.
Freud distinguished between two layers of dream content. The ? content refers to what is recalled by the dreamer; the ? content involves the unconscious thoughts and wishes that threaten to awaken the dreame
manifest

latent
? is the mechanism by which several unconscious wishes, impulses, or attitudes can be combined into a single image in the manifest dream content.
Condensation
The mechanism of ? refers to the transfer of amounts of energy (cathexis) from an original object to a substitute or symbolic representation of the object. Because the substitute object is relatively neutral—that is, less invested with affective energy—it is more acceptable to the dream censor and can pass the borders of repression more easily.
displacement
The mechanisms of condensation, displacement, and symbolic representation are characteristic of a type of thinking that Freud referred to as
primary process.

This primitive mode of cognitive activity is characterized by illogical, bizarre, and absurd images that seem incoherent
Freud believed that a more mature and reasonable aspect of the ego works during dreams to organize primitive aspects of dreams into a more coherent form. ? is Freud's name for this process, in which dreams become somewhat more rational. The process is related to mature activity characteristic of waking life, which Freud termed ?
Secondary revision

secondary process.
Freud understood ? dreams as reflecting a failure in the protective function of the dream-work mechanisms
anxiety
He came to understand such dreams as reflecting a compromise between the repressed wish and the repressing agency or conscience. In a ? dream, the ego anticipates condemnation on the part of the dreamer's conscience if the latent unacceptable impulses are allowed direct expression in the manifest dream content.
Punishment dreams
The publication of ? in 1900 heralded the arrival of Freud's topographical model of the mind
The Interpretation of Dreams
Topographical model regions?
conscious
pre
and un
part of the mind in which perceptions coming from the outside world or from within the body or mind are brought into awareness
The conscious system in Freud's topographical model is the
Freud assumed that consciousness used a form of neutralized psychic energy that he referred to as ?, whereby persons were aware of a particular idea or feeling as a result of investing a discrete amount of psychic energy in the idea or feeling.
attention cathexis
system is composed of those mental events, processes, and contents that can be brought into conscious awareness by the act of focusing attention
preconscious
The ? system serves to maintain the repressive barrier and to censor unacceptable wishes and desires.
preconscious
The ? system is dynamic. Its mental contents and processes are kept from conscious awareness through the force of censorship or repression and it is closely related to instinctual drives.
unconscious
At this point (topographical model) in Freud's theory of development, instincts were thought to consist of sexual and self-preservative drives, and the unconscious was thought to contain primarily the mental representations and derivatives of the ? instinct.

The content of the unconscious is limited to wishes seeking ?.
sexual

fulfillment
The unconscious system is characterized by ?, which is principally aimed at facilitating wish fulfillment and instinctual discharge.
primary process thinking
? is governed by the pleasure principle and, therefore, disregards logical connections; it has no concept of time, represents wishes as fulfillments, permits contradictions to exist simultaneously, and denies the existence of negatives
unconscious system primary process
Freud soon realized that two main deficiencies in the topographical theory limited its usefulness
?
First, many patients' defense mechanisms that guard against distressing wishes, feelings, or thoughts were themselves not initially accessible to consciousness. Thus, repression cannot be identical with preconscious, because by definition this region of the mind is accessible to consciousness.

Second, Freud's patients frequently demonstrated an unconscious need for punishment. This clinical observation made it unlikely that the moral agency making the demand for punishment could be allied with anti-instinctual forces that were available to conscious awareness in the preconscious.
In Freud's view, an instinct has four principal characteristics:
source, impetus, aim, and object.
The ? refers to the part of the body from which the instinct arises
source
The ? is the amount of force or intensity associated with the instinct
impetus
The ? refers to any action directed toward tension discharge or satisfaction,
aim
and the ? is the target (often a person) for this action
object
Essentially, he used the term ? to refer to “the force by which the sexual instinct is represented in the mind.” Thus, in its accepted sense, ? refers specifically to the mental manifestations of the sexual instinct.
libido
When psychoanalysts today discuss the dual instinct theory, they are generally referring
libido and aggression
The life and death instincts were regarded as forces
underlying the sexual and aggressive instincts
Although Freud could not provide clinical data that directly verified the death instinct, he thought the instinct could be inferred by observing ?, a person's tendency to repeat past traumatic behavior.
repetition compulsion
In contrast to the death instinct, ? (the life instinct) refers to the tendency of particles to reunite or bind to one another, as in sexual reproduction
Eros
The is defined as an inborn tendency of the organism to avoid pain and to seek pleasure through the discharge of tension.
pleasure principle
The ?, on the other hand, is considered to be a learned function closely related to the maturation of the ego; this principle modifies the pleasure principle and requires delay or postponement of immediate gratification.
reality principleo
The ? stage, which occupies the first 12 to 18 months of life, centers on the mouth and lips, and is manifested in chewing, biting, and sucking
oral
The dominant erotic activity of the ? stage, from 18 to 36 months of age, involves bowel function and control
anal
The ? stage, from 3 to 5 years of life, initially focuses on urination as the source of erotic activity
phallic
? characters are often excessively dependent and require others to give to them and to look after them.
Such persons want to be fed but may be exceptionally giving to elicit a return of being given to.
Oral
? characters are often extremely dependent on objects for the maintenance of their self-esteem
Oral
Envy and jealousy are often associated with ? traits
oral
Successful resolution of the ? phase provides a basis in character structure for capacities to give to and receive from others without excessive dependence or envy and a capacity to rely on others with a sense of trust, as well as with a sense of self-reliance and self-trust.
oral
The ? period is essentially a period of striving for independence and separation from the dependence on and control by the parent
anal
The objectives of sphincter control:

without overcontrol (fecal retention) or loss of control (messing)

are matched by the child's attempts to
achieve autonomy and independence without excessive shame or self-doubt from loss of control.
Orderliness, obstinacy, stubbornness, willfulness, frugality, and parsimony are features of the ? character derived from a fixation on ? functions
anal
When defenses against ? traits are less effective, the ? character reveals traits of heightened ambivalence, lack of tidiness, messiness, defiance, rage, and sadomasochistic tendencies.
anal
? characteristics and defenses are most typically seen in obsessive-compulsive neuroses.
anal
Successful resolution of the ? phase provides the basis for the development of personal autonomy, a capacity for independence and personal initiative without guilt, a capacity for self-determining behavior without a sense of shame or self-doubt, a lack of ambivalence and a capacity for willing cooperation without either excessive willfulness or sense of self-diminution or defeat
anal
The predominant ? trait is that of competitiveness and ambition, probably related to the compensation for shame due to loss of ? control. In control this may be the start for the development of ?, related to the feminine sense of shame and inadequacy in being unable to match the ? performance. This is also related to issues of control and shaming.
The predominant urethral trait is that of competitiveness and ambition, probably related to the compensation for shame due to loss of urethral control. In control this may be the start for the development of penis envy, related to the feminine sense of shame and inadequacy in being unable to match the male urethral performance. This is also related to issues of control and shaming.
Besides the healthy effects analogous to those from the ? period, ? competence provides a sense of pride and self-competence derived from performance. ? performance is an area in which the small boy can imitate and match his father's more adult performance. The resolution of ? conflicts sets the stage for budding gender identity and subsequent identifications.
Besides the healthy effects analogous to those from the anal period, urethral competence provides a sense of pride and self-competence derived from performance. Urethral performance is an area in which the small boy can imitate and match his father's more adult performance. The resolution of urethral conflicts sets the stage for budding gender identity and subsequent identifications.
Stage?

The influence of castration anxiety and penis envy, the defenses against both, and the patterns of identification that emerge from the ? phase are the primary determinants of the development of human character.
phallic
The ? stage provides the foundations for an emerging sense of sexual identity, a sense of curiosity without embarrassment, initiative without guilt, as well as a sense of mastery not only over objects and persons in the environment but also over internal processes and impulses.
phallic
What is my name?
Other name?
Category?
Use?
Yankauer Suction
tonsil suction
suctioning
suctioning fluid or blood, may be used to suction smoke
The danger in the ? period can arise from either a lack of development of inner controls or an excess of them.

The lack of control can lead to a failure of the child to sufficiently sublimate energies in the interests of learning and development of skills

an excess of inner control, however, can lead to premature closure of personality development and the precocious elaboration of obsessive character traits.
latency
The child can develop a sense of industry and a capacity for mastery of objects and concepts that allows autonomous function with a sense of initiative without running the risk of failure or defeat or a sense of inferiority.
Latency phase
Teen stage name according to freud?
Genital
Such a person has reached a satisfying capacity for self-realization and meaningful participation in the areas of work and love and in the creative and productive application to satisfying and meaningful goals and values.
genital phase success
This landmark publication also represented a transition in Freud's thinking from the topographical model of the mind to the tripartite structural model of ego, id, and superego. He had observed repeatedly that not all unconscious processes can be relegated to a person's instinctual life. Elements of the conscience, as well as functions of the ego, are clearly also unconscious.
1923 The Ego and the Id
Freud used the term ? to refer to a reservoir of unorganized instinctual drives. Operating under the domination of the primary process, the ? lacks the capacity to delay or modify the instinctual drives with which an infant is born. The ?, however, should not be viewed as synonymous with the unconscious, because both the ego and the superego have unconscious components.
Id
The ? spans all three topographical dimensions of conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. Logical and abstract thinking and verbal expression are associated with conscious and preconscious functions of the ?. Defense mechanisms reside in the unconscious domain of the ?. The ?, the executive organ of the psyche, controls motility, perception, contact with reality, and, through the defense mechanisms available to it, the delay and modulation of drive expression.
ego
The ? establishes and maintains an individual's moral conscience on the basis of a complex system of ideals and values internalized from parents. Freud viewed the ? as the heir to the Oedipus complex. Children internalize parental values and standards at about the age of 5 or 6 years. The ? then serves as an agency that provides ongoing scrutiny of a person's behavior, thoughts, and feelings; it makes comparisons
The superego establishes and maintains an individual's moral conscience on the basis of a complex system of ideals and values internalized from parents. Freud viewed the superego as the heir to the Oedipus complex. Children internalize parental values and standards at about the age of 5 or 6 years. The superego then serves as an agency that provides ongoing scrutiny of a person's behavior, thoughts, and feelings; it makes comparisons
The ? is often regarded as a component of the superego. It is an agency that prescribes what a person should do according to internalized standards and values
ego ideal
The? is an agency of moral conscience that proscribes—that is, dictates what a person should not do.
superego, by contrast,
List functions of the ego
Control and regulation of instinctual drives
Judgement
Relation to reality
Object relationships
Synthetic function of the ego
Primary Autoonmous ego functions
Secondary autonomous ego functions
The development of the capacity ?, like the capacity to test reality, is closely related to the early childhood progression from the pleasure principle to the reality principle. This capacity is also an essential aspect of the ego's role as mediator between the id and the outside world. Part of infants' socialization to the external world is the acquisition of language and secondary process or logical thinking.
to delay or postpone drive discharge
A closely related ego function is ?, which involves the ability to anticipate the consequences of actions. As with control and regulation of instinctual drives, ? develops in parallel with the growth of secondary process thinking. The ability to think logically allows assessment of how contemplated behavior may affect others.
judgment
The ? develops in concert with an infant's dawning awareness of bodily sensations. The ability to distinguish what is outside the body from what is inside is an essential aspect of the ?, and disturbances of body boundaries, such as depersonalization, reflect impairment in this ego function
sense of reality
an ego function of paramount importance, refers to the capacity to distinguish internal fantasy from external reality. This function differentiates persons who are psychotic from those who are not
Reality testing
? involves persons' ability to use their resources to develop effective responses to changing circumstances on the basis of previous experience with reality.
Adaptation to reality
The capacity to form ? is related in part to patterns of internalization stemming from early interactions with parents and other significant figures. This ability is also a fundamental function of the ego,
mutually satisfying relationships
First described by Herman Nunberg in 1931, the ? refers to the ego's capacity to integrate diverse elements into an overall unity. Different aspects of self and others, for example, are synthesized into a consistent representation that endures over time. The function also involves organizing, coordinating, and generalizing or simplifying large amounts of data.
synthetic function
Heinz Hartmann described the so-called ? functions of the ego as rudimentary apparatuses present at birth that develop independently of intrapsychic conflict between drives and defenses. These functions include perception, learning, intelligence, intuition, language, thinking, comprehension, and motility. In the course of development, some of these ?-free aspects of the ego may eventually become involved in ?

They will develop normally if the infant is raised in what Hartmann referred to as an ?.
primary autonomous

conflict

average expectable environment
For example, a child may develop caretaking functions as a reaction formation against murderous wishes during the first few years of life. Later, the defensive functions may be neutralized or deinstinctualized when the child grows up to be a social worker and cares for homeless persons.

example of what?
Once the sphere where primary autononomous function develops becomes involved with conflict, so-called secondary autonomous ego functions arise in the defense against drives
At each phase of libidinal development, specific drive components evoke characteristic ego defenses.

The anal phase, for example, is associated with
reaction formation
Freud initially conceptualized anxiety as ?
“dammed up libido.”
In this model, anxiety operates at an unconscious level and serves to mobilize the ego's resources to avert danger. Either external or internal sources of danger can produce a signal that leads the ego to marshal specific defense mechanisms to guard against, or reduce, instinctual excitation.

what is this referred to as
signal anxiety
Freud's later theory of anxiety explains neurotic symptoms as the
ego's partial failure to cope with distressing stimul
The drive derivatives associated with danger may not have been adequately contained by the defense mechanisms used by the ego. In phobias, for example, Freud explained that fear of an external threat (e.g., dogs or snakes) is an ?
externalization of an internal danger.
Danger situations can also be linked to developmental stages and, thus, can create a developmental hierarchy of anxiety. The earliest danger situation is a fear of
disintegration or annihilation, often associated with concerns about fusion with an external object.
As infants mature and recognize the mothering figure as a separate person, ? or fear of the loss of an object, becomes more prominent.
separation anxiety,
During the ?, girls are most concerned about losing the love of the most important figure in their lives, their mother.
Boys are primarily anxious about ?
oedipal psychosexual stage

bodily injury or castration
After resolution of the oedipal conflict, a more mature form of anxiety occurs, often termed
superego anxiety

This latency-age concern involves the fear that internalized parental representations, contained in the superego, will cease to love, or will angrily punish, the child.
Neurotic symptoms develop as a result of the failure of
repression
character traits owe their existence to the success of ?, that is, to the defense system that achieves its aim through a persistent pattern of ? and ?.
character traits owe their existence to the success of repression, that is, to the defense system that achieves its aim through a persistent pattern of reaction formation and sublimation.
In 1923, Freud also observed that the ego can only give up important objects by
identifying with them or introjecting them
Avoiding the awareness of some painful aspect of reality by negating sensory data.
Denial
Although repression defends against affects and drive derivatives, ? abolishes external reality. ? may be used in both normal and pathological states.
Denial
Perceiving and reacting to unacceptable inner impulses and their derivatives as though they were outside the self.
Projection
On a psychotic level, this defense mechanism takes the form of frank delusions about external reality (usually persecutory) and includes both perception of one's own feelings in another and subsequent acting on the perception (psychotic paranoid delusions)
Projection
The impulses may derive from the id or the superego (hallucinated recriminations) but may undergo transformation in the process.
Projection
Thus, according to Freud's analysis of paranoid ?, homosexual libidinal impulses are transformed into hatred and then ? onto the object of the unacceptable homosexual impulse.
projections

projected
Grossly reshaping external reality to suit inner needs (including unrealistic megalomania beliefs, hallucinations, wish-fulfilling delusions) and using sustained feelings of delusional superiority or entitlement.
Distortion
Expressing an unconscious wish or impulse through action to avoid being conscious of an accompanying affect. The unconscious fantasy is lived out impulsively in behavior, thereby gratifying the impulse, rather than the prohibition against it.
acting out
?involves chronically giving in to an impulse to avoid the tension that would result from the postponement of expression.
Acting out
Expressing aggression toward others indirectly through passivity, masochism, and turning against the self.
Passive-aggressive behaviour
Attempting to return to an earlier libidinal phase of functioning to avoid the tension and conflict evoked at the present level of development
Regression
It reflects the basic tendency to gain instinctual gratification at a less-developed period
Regression
? is a normal phenomenon as well, as a certain amount of ? is essential for relaxation, sleep, and orgasm in sexual intercourse
Regression
? is also considered an essential concomitant of the creative process.
Regression
Temporarily or transiently inhibiting thinking.
Blocking
? closely resembles repression but differs in that tension arises when the impulse, affect, or thought is inhibited
Blocking
Exaggerating or overemphasizing an illness for the purpose of evasion and regression
Hypochondriasis
Reproach arising from bereavement, loneliness, or unacceptable aggressive impulses toward others is transformed into self-reproach and complaints of pain, somatic illness, and neurasthenia
Hypochondriasis
In ?, responsibility can be avoided, guilt may be circumvented, and instinctual impulses are warded off.
hypochondriasis
Because ? introjects are ego-alien, the afflicted person experiences dysphoria and a sense of affliction.
hypochondriacal
Indulging in autistic retreat to resolve conflict and to obtain gratification
Schizoid fantasy
Interpersonal intimacy is avoided, and eccentricity serves to repel others
Schizoid fantasy
The person does not fully believe in the fantasies and does not insist on acting them out.
Fantasy
Internalizing the qualities of an object.
Introjection
When used as a defense, it can obliterate the distinction between the subject and the object
Introjection
Through the ? of a loved object, the painful awareness of separateness or the threat of loss may be avoided.
introjection
? of a feared object serves to avoid anxiety when the aggressive characteristics of the object are internalized, thus placing the aggression under one's own control. A classic example is identification with the aggressor
Introjection
An identification with the victim may also take place, whereby the self-punitive qualities of the objects are taken over and established within one's self as a symptom or character trait.
Introjection
Converting psychic derivatives into bodily symptoms and tending to react with somatic manifestations, rather than psychic manifestations
Somatization
In , infantile somatic responses are replaced by thought and affect
desomatization
in , the person regresses to earlier somatic forms in the face of unresolved conflicts
resomatization
Attempting to manage or regulate events or objects in the environment to minimize anxiety and to resolve inner conflicts.
Controlling
Temporarily but drastically modifying a person's character or one's sense of personal identity to avoid emotional distress.
Dissociation
Fugue states and hysterical conversion reactions are common manifestations of
dissociation
? may also be found in counter-phobic behavior, dissociative identity disorder, the use of pharmacological highs or religious joy.
Dissociation
Shifting an emotion or drive cathexis from one idea or object to another that resembles the original in some aspect or quality
Displacement
permits the symbolic representation of the original idea or object by one that is less highly cathected or evokes less distress.
Displacement
ending to perceive in the external world and in external objects elements of one's own personality, including instinctual impulses, conflicts, moods, attitudes, and styles of thinking
Externalization
Transforming an unacceptable impulse into its opposite
Reaction formation
? is characteristic of obsessional neurosis, but it may occur in other forms of neuroses as well.
Reaction formation
If this mechanism is frequently used at any early stage of ego development, it can become a permanent character trait, as in an obsessional character
Reaction formation
Consciously limiting or renouncing some ego functions, alone or in combination, to evade anxiety arising out of conflict with instinctual impulses, the superego, or environmental forces or figures.
Inhibition
Expelling or withholding from consciousness an idea or feeling
Repression
refers to the curbing of ideas and feelings before they have attained consciousness
Primary repression
excludes from awareness what was once experienced at a conscious level
secondary repression
The is not really forgotten in that symbolic behavior may be present
repressed
his defense differs from suppression by effecting conscious inhibition of impulses to the point of losing and not just postponing cherished goals.
repression
Conscious perception of instincts and feelings is blocked in .
repression
Excessively using intellectual processes to avoid affective expression or experience
Intellectualization
Undue emphasis is focused on the inanimate to avoid intimacy with people, attention is paid to external reality to avoid the expression of inner feelings, and stress is excessively placed on irrelevant details to avoid perceiving the whole. ? is closely allied to rationalization
Intellectualization
Splitting or separating an idea from the affect that accompanies it but is repressed.
Isolation
? refers to the absence of object relationships.
Social isolation
Endowing an object or function with sexual significance that it did not previously have or possessed to a smaller degree to ward off anxieties associated with prohibited impulses or their derivatives.
Sexualization
Offering rational explanations in an attempt to justify attitudes, beliefs, or behavior that may otherwise be unacceptable. Such underlying motives are usually instinctually determined
Rationalization
Using constructive and instinctually gratifying service to others to undergo a vicarious experience
Altruism
It includes benign and constructive reaction formation
Altruism
Altruism is distinguished from ?, in which a surrender of direct gratification or of instinctual needs takes place in favor of fulfilling the needs of others to the detriment of the self, and the satisfaction can only be enjoyed vicariously through introjection.
altruistic surrender
Using comedy to overtly express feelings and thoughts without personal discomfort or immobilization and without producing an unpleasant effect on others
Humor
It allows the person to tolerate and yet focus on what is too terrible to be borne; it is different from wit, a form of displacement that involves distraction from the affective issue.
Humor
Realistically anticipating or planning for future inner discomfort. The mechanism is goal-directed and implies careful planning or worrying and premature but realistic affective anticipation of dire and potentially dreadful outcomes.
Anticipation
Achieving impulse gratification and the retention of goals but altering a socially objectionable aim or object to a socially acceptable one
Sublimation
allows instincts to be channeled, rather than blocked or diverted
Sublimation
Feelings are acknowledged, modified, and directed toward a significant object or goal, and modest instinctual satisfaction occurs.
Sublimation
Eliminating the pleasurable effects of experiences. There is a moral element in assigning values to specific pleasures. Gratification is derived from renunciation, and ? is directed against all base pleasures perceived consciously.
asceticism
Consciously or semiconsciously postponing attention to a conscious impulse or conflict.
Suppression
Issues may be deliberately cut off, but they are not avoided. Discomfort is acknowledged but minimized.
Suppression
List problems associated with these classic psychoneurotic cases
1. Dora
2. Hans
3. Rat Man
4. Wolf man
1. Conversion Reaction
2. Phobic reaction
3. OCD
4. Mixed neurotic reaction
Involves the re-creation or more ample expression of the patient's neurosis enacted anew within the analytical relation and at least theoretically mirroring aspects of the infantile neurosis.

The ? usually develops in the middle phase of analysis, when the patient, at first eager for improved mental health, no longer consistently displays such motivation but engages in a continuing battle with the analyst over the desire to attain some kind of emotional satisfaction from the analyst so that this becomes the most compelling reason for continuing analysis

At this point of the treatment, the transference emotions become more important to the patient than alleviation of distress sought initially, and the major, unresolved, unconscious problems of childhood begin to dominate the patient's behavior. They are now reproduced in the transference, with all their pent-up emotion.
transference neurosis
The transference neurosis is governed by three outstanding characteristics of instinctual life in early childhood:
the pleasure principle (before effective reality testing),
ambivalence, and
repetition compulsion
One situation after another in the life of the patient is analyzed and progressively interpreted until ?. Only then does the transference neurosis begin to subside. At that point, termination begins to emerge as a more central concern.
he original infantile conflict is sufficiently revealed
Occurs when failure of reality testing leads to loss of self–object differentiation and diffusion of self and object boundaries. This may reflect an attempt to re-fuse with an omnipotent object, investing the self with omnipotent powers as defense against underlying fears of vulnerability and powerlessness. ?? can also include negative transference elements in which fusion carries the threat of engulfment and loss of self that may precipitate a paranoid transference reaction.
Transference psychosis
Clarified by Heinz Kohut (1971) as variations of patterns of projection of archaic narcissistic configurations onto the therapist. They are based on projections of narcissistic introjective configurations, both superior and inferior—the superior form reflecting narcissistic superiority, grandiosity, and enhanced self-esteem, and the inferior opposite qualities of inferiority, self-depletion, and diminished self-esteem.
Narcissitic transferences
The therapist comes to represent, in Kohut's terms, either the grandiose self in ?
or the idealized parental imago in ?.
mirror transferences

idealizing transferences
In ?, all power and strength are attributed to the idealized object, leaving the subject feeling empty and powerless when separated from that object. Union with the idealized object enables the subject to regain narcissistic equilibrium
idealizing transferences
Reactivation in analysis of the grandiose self provides the basis of mirror transferences formation, which occur in three forms
archaic merger transference,
a less archaic alter-ego or twinship transference,
and mirror transference in the narrow sense
the analyst is experienced only as an extension of the subject's grandiose self and, thus, becomes the repository of the patient's grandiosity and exhibitionism
primitive merger transference
In the ? activation of the grandiose self leads to experience of the narcissistic object as similar to the grandiose self
alter-ego or twinship transference,
the analyst is experienced as a separate person but, nonetheless, one who becomes important to the patient and is accepted by him or her only to the degree that he or she is responsive to the narcissistic needs of the reactivated grandiose self.
In the most mature form of mirror transference,
Represent extensions of the self-psychology paradigm beyond merely narcissistic configurations. The ? involves investment of the self in the object so that the object comes to serve a self-sustaining function that the self cannot perform for itself—either in maintaining fragile self-cohesion or in regulating self-esteem.

The other, thus, is not experienced as an autonomous and separate object or agency in its own right but as present only to serve the needs of the self.
self-object transference

self object
This transference model is based on Donald Winnicott's notion of the transitional object. Transference in more primitive character structures is regarded as a form of transitional object relation in which the therapist is perceived as outside the self but is invested with qualities from the patient's own archaic self-image
Transitional relatedness
Reflects the need of each participant in analysis to draw the other into a stance corresponding to his or her own intrapsychic configuration and needs as a reflection of the individual subject's psychic reality.
Transference as psychic reality
The relational or intersubjective view of transference as emerging from or cocreated by the subjective interaction between analyst and analysand transforms transference into an interactive phenomenon in which individual intrapsychic contributions from either participant are obscured. Transference in this sense is not anything individual to, or intrapsychically derived from, the patient but is based on the present ongoing interaction between analyst and patient coconstructing transference. On these terms, analysis of transference has little to do with past derivatives and everything to do with the ongoing relation with the analyst, primarily in the form of interpersonal enactments. Transference in this sense is no longer a one-person phenomenon but reflects a two-person transference–countertransference interaction. The supposition is that no such thing as transference exists without countertransference and no such thing as countertransference without transference. The patient is thus relieved of any burden of a personal dynamic unconscious reflecting developmental vicissitudes and residues of a life history. Transference is created anew in the immediacy of present analytical interaction as the product of mutual influence and communication between analyst and analysand, probably relying on some form of mutual projective identification to sustain the interactive connotation.
Transference as relational or intersubjective
In his classic studies, Freud described four different types of childhood neuroses, three of which had later neurotic developments in adult life.

First, the phobic reactions tend to start at about? years of age, the obsessional reactions between ? and ?, and the conversion reactions at ?
First, the phobic reactions tend to start at about 4 or 5 years of age, the obsessional reactions between 6 and 7, and the conversion reactions at 8
The degree of background disturbance is greatest in the ? and the ? and it seems only slight in the ? and ?
The degree of background disturbance is greatest in the conversion reaction and the mixed neurosis, and it seems only slight in the phobic and obsessional reactions
Process by which qualities or characteristics of the self-as-object, usually involving introjections or self-representations, are attributed to an external object, and the subsequent interaction with the object is determined by the projected characteristics. Thus, the analyst or object may be seen as sadistic—that is, as possessing the sadistic character of the analysand or subject, an aspect of the subject's self that is denied or disowned by the subject.
Projection transference
The systematic analysis of ? and ? is the essence of psychoanalysis
transference
resistance
Erikson's formulations were based on the concept of ?, a term borrowed from embryology. His ?principle holds that development occurs in sequential, clearly defined stages, and that each stage must be satisfactorily resolved for development to proceed smoothly
epigenesis
In the development of speech and sphincter and muscular control, the toddler practices the social modalities of holding on and letting go, and experiences the first stirrings of the virtue that Erikson termed will
Stage 2: Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt (about 18 Months to about 3 Years)
An impairment of leads to basic mistrust. In infants, social trust is characterized by ease of feeding, depth of sleep, smiling, and general physiological homeostasis. Prolonged separation during infancy can lead to hospitalism or anaclitic depression
basic trust
The stage in which children attempt to develop into ? beings is often called the terrible twos, referring to toddlers' willfulness at this period of development. If shame and doubt dominate over ?, compulsive doubting can occur.
autonomous
autonomy
“In pathology, the conflict over ? is expressed either in hysterical denial, which causes the repression of the wish or the abrogation of its executive organ by paralysis or impotence; or in overcompensatory showing off, in which the scared individual, so eager to ‘duck,’ instead ‘sticks his neck out.’”
initiative
Erikson described ? as a “sense of being able to make things and make them well and even perfectly.”
industry
Many disorders of adolescence can be traced to ? confusion. The danger is role diffusion
identity
The successful formation of a stable marriage and family depends on the capacity to become
intimate
Persons who are middle aged show a higher incidence of depression than younger adults, which may be related to middle-aged persons' disappointments and failed expectations as they review the past, consider their lives, and contemplate the future
Generativity
Anxiety disorders often develop in older persons. In Erikson's formulation, this development may be related to persons' looking back on their lives with a sense of panic. Time has run out, and chances are used up. The decline in physical functions can contribute to psychosomatic illness, hypochondriasis, and depression. The suicide rate is highest in persons over the age of 65. Persons facing dying and death may find it intolerable not to have been generative or able to make significant attachments in life. ?, for Erikson, is characterized by an acceptance of life. Without acceptance, persons feel despair and hopelessness that can result in severe depressive disorders.
Integrity
DIfferences between adult and child play therapy?
Play therapy is not the same for children and adults, however. Children create models in an effort to gain control of reality; they look ahead to new areas of mastery. Adults use play to correct the past and to redeem their failures.
Erikson discussed four dimensions of the psychoanalyst's job.
1. The patient's desire to be cured and the analyst's desire to cure is the first dimension.
2. The second dimension Erikson called objectivity-participation. Therapists must keep their minds open.
3. The third dimension runs along the axis of knowledge-participation. The therapist “applies selected insights to more strictly experimental approaches.”
4. The fourth dimension is tolerance-indignation. Control widens the gap of inequality between the doctor and the patient and makes realization of the recurrent idea in Erikson's thought—mutuality—difficult.
innovations produced schisms within the Freudian movement, however, and, in some instances, led to the establishment of new schools of psychoanalysis.
Among the most prominent of these early “dissenters” were Alfred Adler and Carl Jung, both of whom rejected Freud's belief that
sexuality plays a unique role in normal and pathological human behavior