Kirks Ch 7 Structure Fires / Kirks Ch 8 Wild Land Fires

Front 1

Name 5 resistance rating used in construction

Back 1

1. Fire Resistive


2. Non combustible (Doesnt qualify as fire resistive


3. Heavy Timber Construction (usually industrial) 2 hours

Ordinary construction Min 1 hour rating

Wood Frame Contruction

Front 2

Name the defintions of the 5

Back 2

Fire Resistive

Type of contruction in which the structual members including walls, partitin, columns floors and roofs are of noncombutile or limited materials and have fire resistive ratings

Front 3

Second defintions

Back 3

2. Non combustible (Doesnt qualify as fire resistive

The type of construction in which walls, partitions and structural members are of non combustible material but which does not qualify as fire resistive

Front 4

Third defintion

Back 4

3. Heavy Timber Construction (usually industrial) 2 hours

bearing walls or weight bearing portions of walls are non combustible and have a minimum of fire resistance rating of 2 hours. The roof is of heavy timber without concealed spaces

Front 5

Fourth defintion

Back 5

Ordinary construction Min 1 hour rating

Buildings in which ecterior weight bearing walls or load bearing portions of interior walls are of non combustion or limited combustible material Minimum 1 hours rating

Front 6

Fifth defintion

Back 6

Wood Frame Construction exterior walls load bearing members and partitions floors roofs and their supports are wholly or partially of wood and other combustible material.

Front 7

When will a carpet ignite and add to the heat release rate of a room

Back 7

As a room approaches flash over

Front 8

Name a test of Wall coverings (flame spread)

Back 8

ASTME84

Front 9

a small trash can fire ignited at the base of 3/4 inch marine plywood as it self extinguishes the fire leaves behind _____ ______ Pattern

Back 9

Inverted V

Front 10

With the trash can fire on veneer paneling within 2 minutes the fire travel rapidly upward

Flames reach the ceiling with a nearly vertical spread from ignition leaving what type pattern on the ceiling?

Back 10

V Pattern

Front 11

The predominant focas of fire investigation is

Back 11

Why and how did the fire occur.

Front 12

The investigation must similarly focus on the tiny initial flame and 1st

Back 12

First fuel ignited

Front 13

Tracing Fire Behavior

Hot gases are much lighter than the surrounding air and therefore rise. Fire will always preferentially burn

Back 13

Upward with some downward travel as a result of radiation

Front 14

Combustible materials in the path of flames will be ignited, increasing the extent and intensity of the fire higher heat release rate the fire the ___________ it will rise and ____________-

Back 14

Faster it will rise and spread.

Front 15

If there is not more fuel above or deside the initial flame to be ignited by convected or radiated heat or if the initial fire is too small to create the necessary heat flux on those fuels the fire will be ____ ___________

Back 15

Self limiting and will burn itself out

Front 16

A Flame plume that is large enough to reach the ceiling of a compartment is likely to trigger full involvement of a room for it is charging the upper gas layer in the room with gases that have not cooled by mixing or radiative losses as much as gases in a shorter plume.

Back 16

A large Flame Plume

Front 17

In determining fuel load in a room the chemical nature of the fuels and thier physical forms will affect their ____________________ and the ___________ ______________________ _____

Back 17

Ignitablity and the heat release rate.

Front 18

In the reconstruction of a fire the fuel load is not just the total number of joules or Btu's of heat the can be generated but the rate at which that heat is ___________________

Back 18

released

Front 19

Fires can burn more intensley because of an enhanced ____________

Back 19

Draft

Front 20

Fire will burn downward in a solid fuel but at a rate that is a tiny fraction of its upward _____________ _____________

Back 20

Spread rate

Front 21

V PATTERN

The V Pattern associated with most fire is the resul of several factors.

2. It is the interaction of this plume with a ceiling that is the major total factor in producing a patern. This cones shape depends on the size of the fire with respect to a ceiling that tends to flatten and spread it horizontally

A vertical wall intersecting this cone may then display a cross section of the cone

If a fire is located some distance away from the wall the cone does not intersect the fire cone at its base,

Back 21

1. Nautral plume shape of a large fire is a cone

Front 22

INVERTED V PATTERN

A small fire of limited duration will typically display a

Back 22

triangular or inverted V pattern of damage to a near by adjoining wall.

Front 23

Beveling of exposed edges occurs when heat is applied and the temperature of edges and corners rise faster than those of adjacent flat surfaces because of their more ___________ _____________ _________________they cannot lose heat as quickly to the interior.

That is why such edges are easier to ignite then_________ ____________ and once ignited burn more quickly.

Back 23

limited thermal capacity

Flat Surfaces

Front 24

The beveling effect can be very useful in establishing ___________ _________ __ _____ ______________ _________

Back 24

The direction of burn through floors.

Front 25

LOW BURNS AND PENETRATION

Accidentally ignited fires in rooms with normal fuel load most often burn vertically upwards from their point of ignition leaving the floors and lower reaches of the walls much less damaged than the ceiling and upper walls.

Back 25

After flashover the radiant heat is 120 to 150 kW/m2

Front 26

LIQUIDS

Liquids and their vapors flow downhill seeking out the lowest available surface.

Back 26

Liquids and their vapors flow downhill

Front 27

Liquids will seep into seams or cracks in a floor they will provide a reservoir of liquid to sustain prolonged burning and localized

Back 27

Charring

Front 28

Volatile Liquids (Camp fuel, acetone gasoline will flash quickly off a nonporous surface. They have a low boiling point they produce _____ _____________ _________________

Back 28

Min suface scorching

Front 29

Less Volatile fuels with a higher boiling point range such as paint thinner or kerosene will have different effects. Remember that its is the vapors of the liquid that burn rather then the liquid. The more radiant flames from these fuels produce a more pronounced charring on the floor surface surrounding the pool. The resulting pattern can be a deep ring of char damage around the edges of a lightly charred area that defines to some extent ____ __________ __________

Back 29

The liquid pool.

Front 30

CARPET

When the last liquid is burned the center of the pool will scorch char and ignite. On some carpets this will leave a charred area surrounded by a more deeply charred ___________

Back 30

Halo

Front 31

DEPTH OF CHAR

Depth of Char cannot be used to establish _________ ____________of fire exposure

But it can be used to assess the relative fire ____________________

Back 31

Precise times of fire exposure

Fire exposure.

Front 32

SPALLING

Spalling the chipping or crumbiling of a ___________ ______________ ______________

Back 32

Concrete plaster for masonary surface.

Front 33

GHOST MARKS

When asphalt tile squares are affixed to concrete surfaces, they are glued down with a more or less continuous layer of tarry adhesive.

When a petroleum based flammable liquid is poured on such a floor and set afire, the heat and solvent action tends to curl the tiles up at the ___________

Back 33

Edges.

Front 34

CALCINATION OF GYPSUM BOARD

Gypsum board consists of a layer of calcium sulfate between layers of heavy paper. When exposed to heat the water is lost to at several precise predictable temperatures.

Back 34

It will change in color from gray to white.

Front 35

As gypsum board is heated and dehydrated it loses some of its mechancial strenght as well. Normal gypsum board displays these changes which reflect how intense or prolonged the fire exposure was In cross section the interface between the two or three layers may be very sharp or somewhat diffused, suggesting a relationship to the rapidity of the fire

There may be tow or three discrete changes in color _____________ to ____________and ___________ to___________________

Back 35

White to gray and gray to white

Front 36

ANNEALED FURNITURE SPRINGS

Furniture Springs a steel wire spring is heated it will reach a temperature well below its melting point at which it loses its springiness or temper this is called __________________ Temperture

Back 36

Annealing temperature, temperatures of about 600 to 650 C 1,100 to 1200 F the spring will collapse.

Front 37

A smoldering fire developing slowly within the upholstery of a sofa or bed often produces a localized area of intense heat. The the springs in this area will often be more

Back 37

Collapsed

Front 38

When furniture is enveloped by an external fire, heating may be less intense and the general degree of spring collapse is often lessmarked than from a long burning internal fire. One useful indicator of spring collapse is _________________

Back 38

Directional in that the collapse of springs may be more pronounced in the corner or side facing an oncoming fire

Front 39

GLASS

Glass acts like a solid but is actually a

Back 39

Supercooled liquid.

Front 40

When glass is exposed to stress it is elastic and will actually bend to a substantial defree before ___________________

Back 40

Breaking

Front 41

The edges of mechanically broken glass will almost always bear a series of curved, concoidal fracture lines

Back 41

Conchoidal fracture line on the edges of flass fragments can reveal the direction of the impact

Front 42

Glass an ordinary window glass breaks when there is a temperature difference of about 70 C 126 F Thick glass can shatter due to a sufficient temperature difference between the side facing the fire and the one facing away from it. Double glazed window fail in sequence

If the flass simply cracks adn doesnt fall away the outer pane may surive.

Back 42

Double glazed window fail in sequence

Front 43

Not only can one determine whether the glass was broken by mechanical or thermal or thermal stress for the presents or absence of _____ _____ or ________

Back 43

soot, char or ash deposits on the broken edges you can tell if the breakage occured before or after the fire.

Front 44

The ____________ ofthe glass is important because glass with relatively little soot found on the carpet of a room will fire debris on top of it would be a strong indication that the window was _____________

Back 44

Location

Broken before or very early on in the fire

Front 45

Glass found lying on top of the debris most probably resulted from breakage during _____________ and _______________

Back 45

Suppression and overhaul.

Front 46

Glass breakage often occurs just as the room approaches ___________ ____________

Back 46

Flash over

Front 47

Narrow slivers or long shards of glass indicate that an ___________________ of some type took place

Back 47

explosion

Front 48

The presence of heavy soot or varnish on splinter of glass indicate that the explosion took place ______

Back 48

Late in the fire most probably as a result of a smoke or backdraft explosion. An absence or soot or very faint coating indicates an explosion early in the fire

Front 49

MELTING POINTS

Ordinary soda lime glass used in most windows has a melting point above

Back 49

700 to 800 C 1300 to 1400 F

Front 50

Where else can you find that same temperture range hint ________________ fueled structure fires/

Back 50

Wood 700 to 800 C 1300 to 1400 F

Front 51

Molten Aluminum melting temp

Back 51

660 C 1220 F

Front 52

Explain why low melting metals are not good indicators of a presence of flammable liquid use?

Back 52

Because low melting metals like molten aluminum have a melting point low 660 C to 1220 F

Usually a flammable liquid fires duration it short that even low melting point metals are likely to be affected

Front 53

Explain why a more useful indicator is melting brass or copper depending on its compostion.

Back 53

Because Brass melts at a range of 875 C to 980 C 1625 F to 1780 F

Its presence in a burned structure is not unusual but it may assist in establishing which parts of a room reached higher temps then others.

Front 54

Cooper melting point is ?

Back 54

1080 C 1981 F

Front 55

Flames temperature produced by accelerants such as gasoline burning in air are not significantly higher than those produced by ordinary combustibles (and in some cases are lower) Why are they noteworthy?

Back 55

Because of their portential for rapid combustion localized damage and unusual distribution.

Front 56

EVIDENCE COLLECTION

How do you collect Documents

Back 56

Package them in Manila envelope and dont fold dont handle with bare hand

Front 57

Evidence

Fire debris with suspected accelerants

Back 57

Seal in clan empty paint can bag or glass jar fill container no more then 3/4 full label as to origin

Front 58

Evidence

Flammable Liquid

Back 58

Seal in glass bottle jar with metal top or metal can

Dont use rubber stoppers or jars with rubber seals dont use plastic bottles

Front 59

Evidence

Charred or burned paper or cardboard

Back 59

Pack loosely on soft cotton

Pack in a rigid container

Front 60

Evidence

Clothing

Back 60

Mark directly on clothing in waistband pocket or coat collar with initials and date

Pack in clean paper bags wrap each item separtely

Dont use plastic

If clothing is wet with blood hang to air dry before packaging

Fold neatly with paper between folds and refrigerate if possible it residue of ignitable liquid store in a metal can

Front 61

Evidence

Hairs and fibers

Back 61

Pill box paper envelope or bindle cellophane or plastic bag seal

on outside of container label type of material where found date and officer name

Front 62

Evidence

Tools

Back 62

Wrap each tool separately

Secure envolepe or folded sheet of paper

Front 63

Evidence

Tool Marks

Back 63

After marks are protected wrap with wrapping paper and place in envelope or box

cover marks with soft paper tape in place keep from rusting

Front 64

Evidence

Dry blood stains

Back 64

Use paper bags, boxes envelopes sealed to prevent loss of scrapings

On outside of container type of specimen date and where found

Front 65

Evidence

Glass

Back 65

Box Paper bags envelope

On outside of container label

Front 66

Evidence

Firearms

Back 66

Rifles tag and carry all others use box or envelopes

Front 67

Evidence

Latent FingerPrints

Back 67

Secure in rigid container so surfaces dont rub. Clean paper envelope keep dry and cool

Front 68

Chapter 8 Grass and Wildland fire

What are the highest report causes of wildland fires ? _______________________ _____________________

Back 68

Equipment use and Miscellaneous

Front 69

How many are related to Campfires

Back 69

number 218

Front 70

What things contribute to a wildland fire ?

Back 70

Sources of fuel, direction and strenght of wind and slope of terrain.

Front 71

Can you explain what occurs in a wild land fire if there is no external wind?

Back 71

A small fire burning through uniformly distributed fuel on level ground will grow slowly in every direction in which fuel is available if there is no external wind

Hot gases generated by the fire rise at the center of the fire and draw in air from all directions along the ground. The fire must then back into surrounding fuel against a draft and its growth rate is limited as a result.

If the same small fire and fuel are arranged on a slpe convection draws air from the bottom of the incline and the spread of the fire is then enhanced by both this draft and the exposure of more fuel to hot gases and flames on the uphill side of the fire

Front 72

How do you determine the outer perimeter of a search area.

Back 72

You must survey the area first

Front 73

What are the general shapes of the burn pattens often used by investigators?

Back 73

A fan shaped or V shaped pattern may be visible.

Front 74

What is usually selected as the focal point for the search pattern

Back 74

The Apex of the pattern

Front 75

What are some of the indicators that can be used to determine the direction of fire spread past a given point?

Back 75

Charring of a tree plant fence post

Destruction of bush tree will be more extensive on the side facing the fire

Beveling effect of fast fire may influence the appearance of branches or twigs remaining upright

A fast moving fire crates a draft around large objects which creates angled pattern around tree trunks posts plat stems ect.

A slow moving fire or one that is "backing" against the wind or down a slope will create a burn pattern approx parallel to the ground.

If the vertical stem is burned away the remaining stump will be beveled or cupped on the side facing the fire

Front 76

Charring will be ___________on the side facing the fire

Back 76

Deeper

Front 77

Partial combustion of trees and bushes can reveal the fire spread Portion facing the oncoming fire wil be ___________ burned

Back 77

more

Front 78

Bevelng effects of oncoming fire blunts eh ends of branches _______________the fire and tapers those away from it

Back 78

Facing

Front 79

In a fast moving fire the fire pattern on a tree will start lower on the trunk side ___________________ fire even on a slope.

Back 79

facing the oncoming

Front 80

In a slow moving fire the burn pattern will be roughly __________________

Back 80

parallel to the ground