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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What system secretes all hormones?
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endocrine
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Name the major endocrine glands
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hypothalamus
pituitary gland thyroid gland parathyroid gland thymus glands adrenal glands kidneys pancreas ovaries testes |
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Steroid Hormones
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hormones with chemical structures similar to cholesterol that are lipid soluble and that diffuse through cell membrane
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What glands are steroid hormones secreted by?
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adrenal cortex
ovaries testes placenta |
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non steroid hormones
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not lipid soluble so they can't cross the cell membrane easily
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Name the types of non steroid hormones
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protein hormones - any hormone besides those
amino acid hormones - produced from the adrenal medulla and thyroid glands |
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hormone receptor complex
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where a hormone has a key and target tissues have the lock
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Where are receptors located correlating to non steroid hormones
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on the cell membrane
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Where are receptors located correlating for steroid hormones
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in the nucleus or cytoplasm
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direct gene activation
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steroid hormones pass through the cell membrane
hormone receptor complex goes into the nucleus to bind with DNA activating certain genes |
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What steroid hormones are produced from the adrenal cortex?
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cortisol
aldosterone |
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What steroid hormones are produced from the ovaries?
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estrogen
progestrone |
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What steroid hormones are produced from the testes?
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testosterone
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What non steroid hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?
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thyroxine
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What non steroid hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?
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epinephrine
norepinephrine |
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What is a result of direct gene activation?
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mRNA promotes protein synthesis
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What kinds of proteins are made by protein synthesis in Direct gene activation?
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enzymes that produce chemical reactions
structural proteins regulatory proteins |
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How do Non steroid hormones get inside the cell?
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they use a second messenger
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second messenger
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horomone receptor complex activates adenylate cyclase
AC catylizes the formation of cAMP cAMP produces response |
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What are the results from a second messenger in NSH?
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activates enzymes to promote chem reaction
promotes protein synthesis changes cell membrane permeability stimulates cell secretion |
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Negative Feedback System
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acts to limit or control a response
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Positive Feedback System
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Acts to increase or amplify response
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Down Regulation
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More Hormones
Less Receptors Less Sensitive |
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Up Regulation
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Permanent Hormones
More Receptors More Sensitive |
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hyperglycemia
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plasma glucose is elevated
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Name the recovery process of hyperglycemia
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pancreas secretes insulin
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hypoglycemia
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plasma glucose is decreased
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Name the recovery process of hypoglycemia
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pancrease secretes glucagon
glucagon is turned into glycogen |
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What hormones regulate glucose in high intensity exercise? (~65% VO2 max)
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Glucagon
Epinephrine Norepinepherine Cortisol |
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What is Glucagon's role in exercise?
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increased amounts promotes liver glycogen breakdown and glucose formation from amino acids
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What is epinephrine and norepinephrine's role in exercise?
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promotes glycogenolysis
(conversion of glycogen to glucose) |
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What is cortisol's role in exercise?
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increases protein catabolism/glyconeogenesis
(conversion of fat into glucose) |
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What does a high energy workout end in?
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increased glucose initally
and insulin lowered and sustained |
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aorta
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top part of the heart that has three tubes coming off of it
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atrium
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serve as the receiving chamber
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ventricles
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serve as the pumping systems
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interventricular septum
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the muscle that is separating the two halves
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pericardium
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tough membranous sac around the heart
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systemic side of the heart
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left
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pulmonary side of the heart
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right
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Name the components of cardiac muscle
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intercalated disks
desosomes gap junctions smaller cells branched cells striated |
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desosomes
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the anchors of cardiac muscle that holds it together
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gap junction
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allows transmissions for action potentials
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Name the main components of cardiac conduction
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SA node
AV node AV bundle Purkinje fibers |
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SA node
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located in the upper portion of the right atrium
establishes rhythm |
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Name the route of conduction
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SA node
AV node spreads to the AV bundles AV bundles go through the interventricular septum the pulse then goes separates into the Purkinje fibers |
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Where is there a delay in the conduction system?
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in traveling from the AV node to the AV bundle
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Name the extrinsic factors of the heart
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parasympathetic system
sympathetic system endocrine system |
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parasympathetic system
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through the vagus nerve hyper polarization occurs causing vagal tone of 20 - 30 beats per min
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sympathetic nervous system
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increases heart beat to max of 250 beats per min
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endocrine system
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it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal medulla to prolong the sympathetic ns
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relaxation phase
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diastole
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contraction phase
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systole
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stroke volume
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the amount of blood pumped per beat
EDV - ESV |
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end diastolic volume
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the amount of blood in the ventricle after its filled
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end systolic volume
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the amount of blood in the ventricle after it contracted
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ejection fraction
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SV/EDV
the amount of blood pumped out vs the amount of blood that was gathered in the left ventricle |
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Cardiac Output
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the amount of blood pumped out per min
Heart Rate x Stroke Volume |
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arteries
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large muscular elastic conduit vessels that conducts blood away from the heart to the arterioles
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arterioles
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smaller branches of the arteries that supply the body
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veins
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brings blood back to the heart
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Describe the tube of arteries
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smooth muscle
elastic |
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extrinsic neural control
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regulating the body based on the factors outside the body
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vasomotor tone
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under normal conditions where the sympathetic NS will trigger the artery walls constrict to keep the a certain pressure
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Resistance
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viscosity x length / radius^4
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blood flow
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pressure / resistance
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Name the ways to control local blood flow
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autoregulation
oxygen CO2 K H Lactic Acid |
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Name the things exchanged in the capillaries
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oxygen
CO2 H Lactic Acid Glucose FFA Hormones Electrolytes |
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Name the ways that blood is transported back to the heart
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valves in veins
muscle pump respiratory pump |
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Metabolic Arterial Pressure
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the pressure exerted through the blood as it travels through the body
2/3 DBP + 1/3 SBP |
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hematocrit
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total blood volume composed of cells or formed elements
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plasma
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water
proteins other |
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formed elements
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WBC
RBC platelets |
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red blood cells
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no nucleus
life span is 4 months transport oxygen bound to hemoglobin |
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hemoglobin
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composed of a protein and heme
contains iron each RBC contains about 15gms of hemoglobin molecules |
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What are the major functions of the respiratory system?
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provides a means of gas exchange between the environment and the body
plays a role in the regulation of acid-base balance during exercise |
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Conducting Zone
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conducts air to the respiratory zone
humidifies, warms, and filters air |
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Name the componets of the conducting zone
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trachea
bronchial tree bronchioles |
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Respiratory Zone
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exchange of gasses between air and blood
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Name the componets of the respiratory zone
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alveolar sacs
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Name the mechanics of breathing
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ventilation
inspiration expiration resistance to airflow |
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Ventilation
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movement of air into and out of the lungs via bulk flow
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Inspiration
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diaphragm pushes downward, lowering intrapulmonary pressure
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Expiration
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diaphragm relaxes, raising intrapulmonary pressure
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Resistance to air flow
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largely determined by airway diameter
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Which muscles are used in inspiration?
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Internal Intercostals
External Intercostals Diaphragm |
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Which muscles are used in expiration?
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Internal Intercostals
Abdominal Muscles |
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Pulmonary Ventilation
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the process by which we move air in and out of the lungs (breathing)
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Tidal Volume
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the amount of air that enters and exits the lungs
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How can you calculate the pulmonary ventilation of a person's breathing?
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Tidal Volume x Frequency
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Spirometry
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a technique that is used to measure the volume of the lungs
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Vital Capacity
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the greatest amount of air that can be expired after a maximal inspiration
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Residual Volume
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the amount of air remaining after maximal expiration
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Total Lung Capacity
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the sum of total vital capacity and residual volume
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Pulmonary Circuit
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flows at the same rate as systemic circiut
lower pressure |
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What kind of breathing keeps air at the top of lungs?
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Shallow Breathing
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Passive Diffusion
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O in
CO2 Out |
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Partial Pressures
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the different pressures from the parts of the air we take in
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Henry's Law
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Gasses are dissolved in liquid according to thier partial pressures
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Where does pulmonary diffusion occur?
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in the dense network around the aleolar sacs
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What are the major functions of pulmonary diffusion?
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replenish oxygen blood supply used at tissue level
remove carbon dioxide from returning venous blood |
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Respiratory Membrane
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composed of alveolar wall, capillary wall, and basement membranes
thin to allow diffusion |
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What is the function of the respiratory membrane?
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gas exchange
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What is the PO2 when oxygen is inhaled and is found in the alveoli?
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105mmHg
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What is the PO2 after an exchange has happened in the circulation?
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40mmHg
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After the blood has been through the system once and the PO2 has passed the capillaries at the lungs with a 105mmHg, why does it decrease as it makes it's round one more time?
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because the 5mmHg goes to the lungs to oxygenate it
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What is the initial PCO2 of blood when it is inhaled?
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40mmHg
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What is the PCO2 after the blood has reached the body?
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46mmHg
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Which gas exchange is faster? PCO2 or PO2?
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PCO2
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How is oxygen carried in blood?
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on hemoglobin found on RBC
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How is carbon dioxide carried in the blood?
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bicarbonate ions
plasma carbaminohemoglobin (bound to hemoglobin) |
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Myoglobin
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transports oxygen to the muscles and has a higher carrying capasity
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Hemoglobin Saturation
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the binding of oxygen on the hemoglobin
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What are some factors reguarding hemoglobin saturation?
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high amts of PO2
pH is Basic low blood temp |
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Why is hemoglobin saturation not affected by exercise?
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because of the sigmoidal shape
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How does bicarbonate help the blood?
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it prevents formation of carbonic acid
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