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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Practice Specificity |
"Practice the way you will perform". How similar the performance environment is compared to the practice conditions. |
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Practice Spacing Options |
1. Massed Practice: fewer but longer practice sessions with little or no rest between. 2. Distributed Practice: same total amount of practice as massed, but more spread out and across more separate sessions with longer rest intervals. No consensus concerning best type of schedule. Discrete tasks = less rest may be more beneficial. Has to do with how learning is measured (immediate vs. delayed). |
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Optimal Skill Presentation Guidelines 1 |
1. Simple and direct (considering STM capacity 7+-2 items and <30sec duration as well as attention capacity). Keep instructions to 1 or 2 points. Provide key points/verbal cues; meaningful instructions. |
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Optimal Skill Presentation Guidelines 2 |
2. Observational Learning: where learners acquire capability to perform a skill by observing performance of others. Providing demonstration for others = shown to increase learning. |
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Types of Rehearsal |
1. Whole: Skills taught as one complete skill (whole practice) 2. Part Practice: Skills taught in individual, separate tasks. Allows for athlete to concentrate on skill component ie. strengthening free throws. |
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Types of Whole Practice |
1. Simplification (shaping): Reduce difficulty and attentional demands of skill without changing goal of movement ie. larger ball for batting, etc. 2. Attentional Approach: practice everything required, but with focused attention on certain components. |
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Types of Part Practice |
1. Fractionization: each part of skill practiced independently, then in the end practice them all together. A, B, C, D --> ABCD 2. Segmentation (chaining): practice part 1 till learned, then add part two on top, etc. A, AB, ABC, ABCD. |
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Optimal Type of Practice |
Depends on skill complexity, skill organization. Low complexity, high organization = whole practice High complexity, low organization = part practice |
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Multiple Task Learning |
1. Blocked Practice: practice all of one task before starting a new task (AAA, BBB, CCC). Predictable and easiest. 2. Random Practice: practice different tasks randomly (CAB, BCA, ACB), unpredictable and hardest. 3. Serial Practice: Combination of the two (ABC, ABC, ABC) predictable but non-repetitious, medium difficulty |
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Contextual Interference (CI) |
Acquisition performance best for blocked group (less interference) Retention and transfer performance best for random group. |
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CI Explanations |
1. Elaboration Hypothesis: Because in random practice, more tasks are present in short term memory, produces more distinct/elaborate memory coding. 2. Action Plan Hypothesis: In random practice, task is forgotten and must access LTM, therefore better retention and transfer performance. Blocked transfer doesn't have this because the task remains in the STM. 3. Retroactive Inhibition Hypothesis: Later learning affects the ability to remember old material. |
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Practice Variability Theory |
Many benefits for varied practice: develop rules of action/schema, transfer to new versions of movement/variations of task, reduces acquisition performance but benefits retention and transfer. |
