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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Exercise Physiology
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the study of how the body's structures and functions are altered when exposed to acute and chronic bouts of exercise
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Sport Physiology
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applies exercise physiology concepts to an atheletes training and performance
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Acute Responses
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a short term response to an individual's bout of physical activity
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Chronic Physiological Adaptations
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training mark of how the body responds over time to the stress of repeated bouts of exercise (aka training affects)
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Ergometers
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used to measure physical work in standardized conditions
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Name the most common ergometers used
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treadmills and cycle ergometers
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Name the factors in Acute responses to exercise
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enviornment,
dinural cycles, menstural cycles, eating patterns, sleep patterns, use of the correct ergometers, matching the correct mode of testing |
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x-axis
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the independent variable of factor that is controlled by the study design
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y-axis
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the dependent variable that will change depending on how the independent variable is manipulated
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What is smooth muscle controlled by?
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the autonomic nervous system
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Where is smooth muscle located?
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in the walls of blood vessles and throughout internal organs
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What is cardiac muscle controlled by?
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the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine systems
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What is skeletal muscle controlled by?
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the somatic nervous system
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Which type of muscle is voluntary?
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skeletal
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Epimysium
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the outter connective tissue covering of a muscle
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Endomysium
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covers each muscle fiber
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Perimysium
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covering around the fasciculus
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fasciculus
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bundles of fibers
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muscle fibers
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found in the perimysium
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How long are the longest human fibers?
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about 12 cm
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Plasmalemma
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covers individual muscle fibers
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Sarcolemma
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plasmalemma and the basement membrane
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What is the plasmalemma attached to?
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the tendon
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Satellite cells
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cells found between the basement membrane and the plasmalemma; used for growth and development
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Sarcoplasm
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the cytoplasm of the muscle
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T-tubules
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allow transport of substances throughout the muscle fiber; found in the muscle fiber
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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stores calcium
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What does the sarcoplasm contain?
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proteins
minerals glycogens fats and organelles |
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myofibril
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contractile movements of the muscle; made up of sarcomeres
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A Band
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dark reigons (thick and thin filaments)
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I Band
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light reigons (thin filaments)
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H zone
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visible only when the muscle is relaxed; found in the a band
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M line
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in the middle of the H zone
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sarcomere
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composed of filaments of myosin and actin
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Myosin
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thick filament; composed of two protein strands each folded into a globular head at the end
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Actin
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thin filament; composed of tropomyosin, troponin, and one end attached to a z disk
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What is the most common filament?
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thick
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How far do thick the filaments extend?
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from the z disk to the M line
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How far does the thin filament extend?
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from the z disk to the middle of the sarcomere
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a motor neuron
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innervates many muscle fibers called the motor unit
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action potential
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travels down the dendrites to the axon terminal
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Name the events leading up to the contraction of a muscle
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a motor neuron releases Ach,
Ach binds to the sarcolemma, Ach is transmitted to the entire muscle fiber depolarizing, action potential triggers the release of the Ca, Ca binds to troponin on the actin |
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Sliding Filament theory
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power stroke,
actin filaments past the myosin filament results in shortening of the sarcomere making a muscle force |
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Power Stroke
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myosin head tilts with cross bridge and drags the actin toward the center of the sarcomere
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Name the cross bridge cycle
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ATP is detached, it forms with ADP and P making it cock, ATP seperates the ADP and P creating the stroke
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When is muscle contraction complete?
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when Ca is activly pumped out of the sarcoplasm back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Name the functions of Type 1 muscle fibers
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performs in high levels of anerobic enduance (oxidative states)
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How are Type 1 muscle fibers accumulated?
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from endurance training and low intensity activities
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How does Type 1 muscle fibers produce ATP?
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through carbs and fats
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Name the functions of Type 2 muscle fibers
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performs in high levels of anaerobic endurance
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How does Type 2 muscle fibers produce ATP?
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in anaerobic pathways
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What is the function of Type 2a?
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to create force but it tires easily; high endurance activities
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What is the function of Type 2x?
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used for bursts of energy; its not fully understood
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What is the most common muscle fiber type?
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type 1
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Which muscle fiber type is larger?
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type 2
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Which nerve conduction is faster in muscle fiber types?
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Type 2
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Which contraction speed is faster in muscle fiber types?
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type 2
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How does training effect muscle fiber types?
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Type 2a increases and Type 2x decreases
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How does age effect muscle fiber types?
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Type 1 increases and Type 2 decreases
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What is muscle fiber type determined by?
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a-motor neuron
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Principle of Orderly Recruitment
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motor units within a muscle are ranked
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size principle
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states that the order of recruitment of motor neurons is related to their motor neuron size
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What happens in the orderly recruitment when the activity takes a long time?
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the muscle types that are for endurance are recruited to keep tension in the muscle
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What happens when action potential reaches the muscle fibers?
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all muscle fibers in that motor unit are activated
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Name the three types of contractions
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concentric, isometric, eccentric
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Concentric contraction
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force is developed while the muscle is shortening
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Isometric contraction
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force is generating but no movement occurs
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Eccentric contraction
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force is generating while the muscle is lengthening
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Muscle Force depends on:
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# and type of motor units activated,
frequency of the stimulation, size of the muscle, muscle fiber and sarcomere length, and speed of contraction |
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twitch
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a single electrical stimuli
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summation
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three electrical stimuli
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tetanus
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continious electrical stimuli
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What is the central nervous system composed of?
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the brain and the spinal cord
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Name the parts of the Peripheral nervous system
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sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)
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What is the sensory division's function?
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tells the CNS what is going on within and outside the body
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What is the motor division's function?
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to relay the response to the sensory division's information to the rest of the body
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Name the parts of the motor division
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autonomic and the somatic
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neuron
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the structural unit of the nervous system; the nerve cell
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Name the main reigons of the neuron
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cell body (soma), dendrites, axon
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Axon Hillock
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cone shaped reigon coming off of the cell body
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Dendrites
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recievers of the impulse
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Axon
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transmits the message away from the nerve
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axon terminals
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the end of the neuron that conducts communication between other cells
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At rest, what kind of charge does a neuron have?
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negative
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resting membrane potential
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the difference between the outside and inside electrical charges at rest
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In resting state, where is K and Na located?
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K is located on the inside and Na on the outside
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Because the RMP causes an imbalance, how is it maintained?
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the K tries to move to the outside (bec its more permiable); sodium potassium pump occurs
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Sodium Potassium Pump
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uses ATPase to transport K and Na in and out
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What is the ideal RMP?
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70mV
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Depolarization
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occurs when the inside of the cell becomes less negative than the outside
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What is depolarization caused by?
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a change in the membranes Na permiablity (>-70 mV)
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Hyperpolarization
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occurs when the inside of the cell becomes more negative (<-70mV)
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Graded potentials
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localized changes in the membrane potential
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Action Potentials
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rapid substantial depolarizations of the cell membrane
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When does an action potential occur?
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when depolarization reaches or exceeds the threshold
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Absolute Refractory Period
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when action potential is occuring and the Na gates are open and unable to respond to anything else
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Relative Refractory Period
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When Na gates are closed and K gates are open, repolarization is occuring and can respond to another stimulus but the stimulus must be greater to envoke the AP
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Name the actions of events for the action potential
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RMP, Threshold Stimulus, Depolarization, Repolarization, restore ion gradients(Na K pump)
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Myelin Sheath
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formed by schwann cells, used to insulate the cell membrane
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Saltatory Conduction
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action potential traveling quickly from one node of raniver to the next
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Node of Raniver
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gaps in the myelin sheath
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What size neurons conduct nerve impulses faster?
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large diameter ones bec of less resistance to the current flow
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synapse
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site of action potential transmission between neurons
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Name the sequence of the neuron to neuron communication (in the synapse)
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presynaptic axon terminal, synaptic vesicles, release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, bind postsynaptic receptors to the postsynaptic neuron
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Neuromuscular Junction (in synapse)
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a motor neurons communicate with muscle fibers, release Ach to bind to the plasmalemma, causes depolarization, action potential
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Name the main kinds of Neurotransmitters
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Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine
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Ach
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for motor neurons in skeletal muscles; excitatory & inhibatory
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NO
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for sympathetic neurons; excitatory and inhibitory
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Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential
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an excitatory impulse that causes depolarization
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Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential
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inhibitory impulse that causes hyperpolarization
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What happens in a postsynaptic response when summation of EPP and IPP are accumulated?
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an action potiental occurs
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