Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Basic challenges all organisms face
|
-Find and digest food
-Find a mate and reproduce -Avoid being eaten -Maintain balance with fluids and salts -Circulate nutrients -Remove waste products |
|
|
3 Fundamental modes of existence
|
-Sessile (attached) or motile
-Aquatic of terrestrial -Small or large |
|
|
What type of symmetry do sessile organisms have? What are the advantages?
|
-Radially symmetric
Advantages: -Awareness of food -Mates in all directions -No investment in limbs, wings, etc. |
|
|
What are the disadvantages of sessile organism's symmetry? And what are the solutions?
|
-Limited food that floats by--become filter feeder
-Can't escape danger-- defend yourself (stinging cells, etc) -Reaching mates-- external fertilization or become hermaphrodite -Dispersing young-- motile larval stage |
|
|
What type of symmetry do motile organisms have? Advantages?
|
-Bilaterally symmetric
Advantages: -More efficient shape for moving -Actively seeks out food and mates -Runs away from predators |
|
|
What specific directions do animals in motion have?
|
Either
-Anterior/posterior (front to back) -Dorsal/ventral (top to bottom) |
|
|
cephalization
|
The development of a head, brain, and a central nervous system
|
|
|
Problems and solutions of desiccation
|
-Tissues dry out-- develop a protective layer of cells (skin)
-Need moisture to exchange gases-- keep respiratory surfaces on the inside -Gametes dry out-- internal fertilization -Embryos dry out-- amniotic egg or seeds |
|
|
Problems and solutions of gravity
|
-You can no longer rely on the natural buoyancy of water-- develop a skeletal system or a root-shoot system for plants
|
|
|
Problems and solutions to excretion
|
-Aquatic organisms rely on ammonia, which requires a lot of water to dissolve-- use urea or uric acid
-When they excrete, animals lose essential salts that are dissolved in waste water-- pass waste water through simple tubes (nephridia) to recover salts |
|
|
Allometric relationship
|
Surface area of a sphere:
4 (pi) r(squared) Volume of a sphere: 4/3 (pi) r(cubed) |
|
|
Problems for larger organisms
|
-Diffusion is too slow, interior cells would starve or poison themselves on their own wastes
-Have more volume relative to their surface -Diffusion will not be fast enough |
|
|
Solutions to organisms with larger sizes
|
-Fold the digestive, respiratory excretory surfaces to increase surface area
-Be very thin or very flat -Develop a vascular system, tubes to carry materials back and forth -Develop a coelom, hollow fluid-filled core |
|
|
What characteristics place organisms in Kingdom Animalia?
|
-Heterotrophic
-Diploid -Eukaryotic -Multicellular -Motile at some stage in life -Able to respond to external stimuli -Able to reproduce sexually -Ingest/digest food |
|
|
What animals are in the monophyletic group Opisthokonta?
|
-Phylum Choanoflagellata
-Kingdom Fungi -Kingdom Animalia |
|
|
Characteristics of Phylum Choanoflagellata
|
-Identical to the feeding cells of the common sponge
-Coloniality is an essential evolutionary step -Have specialization of cells, division of labor, and communication between cells |
|
|
What animals are in the Subkingdom Parazoa?
|
Sponges
-Placozoa |
|
|
What are the characteristics of Subkingdom Eumetazoa
|
-Have cells organized into tissues, organs
-Share a common pattern of development -Have some type of summetry |
|
|
Bilateral Eumetazoans embryonic tissues
|
-Endoderm (skin within, forms gut, internal organs)
-Mesoderm (skin in the middle, forms skeleton and muscles) -Ectoderm (the skin outside, forms epidermis and nervous system) |
|
|
Bilateral Eumetazoans body plans
|
-Acoelomate (flatworms)
-Pseudocoelomate (roundworms, rotifers) -Coelomate (all other higher animals) |
|
|
coelom
|
Internal body cavity, a fluid filled space that runs throughout the body of higher animals
|
|
|
Acoelomate body plan
|
-Body lacks a coelom
-Solid except for crude internal pouch of GVC |
|
|
Pseudocoelomate body plan
|
Coelom is actually a fluid filled remnant of the blastocoel
|
|
|
Coelomate (eucoelomate) body plan
|
Coelom is formed from the mesoderm and is lined by mesodermal membranes
|
|
|
protostomes
|
-Annelids, mollusks, arthropods
-First mouth -Blastopore becomes the mouth -Anus opens opposite the mouth later on -Spiral cleavage in embryo -Determinate cells -Schizocoels-coelom forms as a split in the mesoderm |
|
|
deuterostomes
|
-Echinoderms, chordates
-Second mouth -Blastopore becomes the anus -Mouth opens opposite the anus later on -Radial cleavage in embryo -Indeterminate cells -Enterocoels |
|
|
Advantages of a coelom "tube in a tube"
|
-Allows fluid circulation within coelom
-Acts as a hydrostatic skeleton -Open digestive tract -Digestion independent of movement -More space of internal organs and gametes -Ingest/digest food in internal cavity |
|
|
Segmentation
|
Parts of the body become specialized to perform different functions, leading ultimately to the most successful organisms, the arthropods and chordates
|
|
|
What are the two monophyletic groups Eumetazoans are divided into?
|
-Radiata (Cnidaria, Ctenophora)
-Bilateria (everything else) |
|
|
What two groups are Bilateria divided into?
|
-Protostomia (most invertebrates)
-Deutrerostomia (echinoderms, chordates) |
|
|
What two groups are Protostomes divided into?
|
-Spiralia (flatworms, rotifers, mollusks, annelids)
-Ecdysozoa (animals that molt-nematodes and arthropods) |
|
|
What two groups are Spirilia divided into?
|
-Platyzoa (flatworms, rotifers, etc.)
-Trochozoa (annelids, molluscs, etc.) |
|
|
Characteristics of Phylum Porifera
|
-Sponges
-Lack symmetry -Aquatic -Sessile with motile larvae -Lack tissues and organs -Simple body, 2 layers of epithelial cells |
|
|
In Porifera, what are the specialized cell types?
|
-Amoebocytes- wandering amoeboid cells, unspecialized, totipotent
-Choanocytes- feeding cells |
|
|
Characteristics of Amoebocytes
|
-Digest, transport, and store food
-Transport sperm to the eggs -Secret spicules (="skeleton") |
|
|
Characteristics and types of Spicules
|
-Help sponges keep their shape
-Used by taxonomists to classify sponges Types: -Calcium -Silica -Spongin (protein fibers) |
|
|
Characteristics of Choanocytes
|
-Feeding cells
-Moves water through the sponge -Delivers food, oxygen, and gametes -Carries off wastes |
|
|
Characteristics of Amoebocytes
|
-Feeding cells transfer food to amoebocytes
-Do most of the digestion -Transport food to other cells -Store food |
|
|
Sponge reproduction
|
-Usually by fragmentation
-Rely on external fertilization -Hermaphrodite -Sponges release vast clouds of sperm |
|
|
Sizes of sponges
|
-Asconoid (very small, flagella can move through water through the spongocoel)
-Syconoid (small, with radial canals, extra surface area for more choanocytes) -Leuconoid (large, no central cavity, small interconnected chambers, sold as bath sponges) |
|
|
Characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria
|
-Hydrozoans, coral, anemones
-Mostly marine, some fresh water -Radially symmetric -Carnivorous -Sessile and motile |
|
|
How do Cnidarians move?
|
The combination of circular muscles that contract the exposed body and longitudinal muscles that stretch out the body
|
|
|
How many tissue layers to Cnidarians have?
|
-2
-Ectoderm and endoderm, no mesoderm -The space between the ectoderm and endoderm is filled with mesoglea (jelly in the middle) |
|
|
Characteristics of the GVC in Cnidarians
|
-Gastrovascular cavity
-Digestion is extracellular -Gland cells break down food in the GVC -Can eat things larger than their cells |
|
|
Cnidocyte
|
-Stinging cells in Cnidarians
-Contain coiled nematocysts |
|
|
Types of nematocysts
|
-Stingy threads, used for attachment, or moving short distances
-Long coils that whip around the prey and entangle it -Long threads with spines of poison barbs |
|
|
Dimorphic
|
-Sessile polyps or motile medusa
-Both forms alternate in the life cycle -Both are diploid -Medusa is the sexual stage |
|
|
Asexual reproduction in Cnidaria
|
-Done in polyps by budding
-Polyps bud off tiny medusae -Madusae produce gametes |
|
|
Sexual reproduction in Cnidaria
|
-External fertilization
-Zygote develops into planula larva -Larvae mature into new polyp |
|
|
Colonial forms of Cnidaria
|
-Many forms (Obelia, Physalia)
-Specialized feeding polyps and reproductive polyps |
|
|
Phylum Cnidaria- Class Hydrozoa
|
-Hydra, Obelia, Physalia
-Sessile and motile forms -Polyp is the dominate stage in life cycle -Polyp tentacles lined with cnidocytes |
|
|
Phylum Cnidaria- Class Scyphozoa
|
-True jellyfish (Aurelia)
-Medusa is the dominant stage -Polyp occurs only as a small post-larval stage -Tentacles hang form the edge of bell or from around the mouth -Tentacles are studded with nematocysts |
|
|
Phylum Cnidaria- Class Anthozoa
|
-Corals, sea fans, sea anemones
-Occur only as polyps -Most advanced Cnidarians, complex body -Anemones are large and solitary polyps |
|
|
Importance of Phylum Cnidaria
|
-Form vast coral reefs of CaCO3 (calcium carbonate)
-Coral reefs are the most productive ecosystems on Earth -Support commercial fisheries |
|
|
Phylum Cnidaria- Class Cubozoa
|
-Sea wasps
-Among the deadliest animals on Earth |
|
|
Phylum Ctenophora
|
-Comb jellies
Simliar to jellyfish but: -Simpler life cycle -Lack nematocysts, capture prey with sticky cells on tentacles -Combs of cilia beat in sequence to move the jelly around |
|
|
Types of Protostomes
|
-Spiralia (flatworms, rotifers, molluscs, annelids)
-Ecdysozoa (animals that molt like nematodes and arthropods) |
|
|
Protostomes in Spiralia
|
-Usually have spiral cleavage in embryos
-Grow by adding body mass, rather than molting |
|
|
Three groups of Spiralia
|
-Platyzoa (flatworms, rotifers, etc)
-Trochozoa (annelids, molluscs, etc) -Lophophorata (brachiopods, etc) |
|
|
Characteristics of platyzoans
|
-Usually acoelomate
-Usually flat -Use cilia to help move around -Often have very complex mouth parts ("jaws") |
|
|
Phylum Platyhelminthes-Flatworms
|
-Cephalized
-Acoelomate- solid body, except for GVC -Most primitive animal with all three germ tissue layers (triploblastic) |
|
|
Characteristics of Phylum Platyhelminthes
|
-Rely on diffusion- no respiratory or circulatory systems
-First animals with true organs -First animals with true digestive system, excretory system -Feeds with a tubular pharynx -Digests food in GVC |
|
|
Phylum Platyhelminthes excretory system
|
-Excrete ammonia by diffusion
-Water and other wastes pass through tubes called protonephridia -Specialized cells called flame cells |
|
|
Phylum Platyhelminthes nervous system
|
-Two lateral nerve cords
-Rudimentary brain (cerebral ganglion) |
|
|
Phylum Platyhelminthes primitive sense organs
|
-Auricles (ear-like projections, sensitive to chemicals and touch)
-Statocysts (cup shaped pit lined with sensitive hairs) -Eye spots (shallow pits lined with light-sensitive cells) |
|
|
Phylum Platyhelminthes movement
|
-Move by both circular and longitudinal muscles
-Thick carpet of cilia pulls worm along -Secretes layer of mucus for smooth gliding |
|
|
Flatworms asexual reproduction
|
-Transverse fission (body splits crosswise into 'buds' which regenerate the missing parts of the worm)
|
|
|
Flatworms sexual reproduction
|
-Some species have separate sexes
-Most are hermaphroditic -Hypodermic injection (Use sharpened penis to deposit sperm directly into the tissues of another worm) |
|
|
Phylum Platyhelminthes- Class Turbellaria
|
-Flatworms
-Free living -Carnivorous, capture prey with sharpened penis -Most are aquatic |
|
|
Phylum Platyhelminthes- Class Monogenea
|
-Flukes
-Ectoparasites of fish -Attaches with hooks, suckers, spines, or clamps at anterior end |
|
|
Phylum Platyhelminthes- Class Trematoda
|
-Flukes (Clonorchis, Schistosoma)
-Endoparasites of many vertebrates -Highly modified parasitic flatworms -1 or 2 suckers to attach -Tough epithelium to resist digestion by their host's enzymes |
|
|
Phylum Platyhelminthes- Class Trematoda- Group Clonorchis sinenis
|
-Chinese liver fluke
-Infects 20 million East Asains -Spread through human feces -Causes severe jaundice, liver cancer |
|
|
Phylum Platyhelminthes- Class Trematoda- Group Schistosoma
|
-Infects 200 million in the tropics
-Causes anemia, diarrhea, brain damage |
|
|
Phylum Platyhelminthes- Class Cestoda
|
-Tapeworms
-Highly modified head (scolex) with small barbs to hang on intestinal walls of host -Body consists of segments called proglottids |
|
|
Characteristics of tapeworms
|
-Primitive excretory and nervous system (flame cells, scolex ganglia)
-No mouth, anus, GVC, or respiratory system -Hermaphroditic, each has a set of male and female reproductive organs -Rely on diffusion for respiration and excretion |
|
|
Evolution of Phylum Platyhelminthes
|
-May have evolved from planula-like ancestor
-Ciliated ball of cells that could arch up to form a primitive GVC |
|
|
Phylum Rotifera
|
-Freshwater habitats
-Very small -Pseudocoelomate- complete digestive tract -Cephalized, with brain, one or more pairs of eye spots, sensory bristles |
|
|
Phylum Rotifera-feeding
|
-Use crown of cilia (corona) to feed
-Draws particles into the mouth -Muscular pharynx (mastax) grinds food |
|
|
Phylum Rotifera-reproduction
|
-Sexually dimorphic (males are smaller)
-Most are parthenogenetic, unfertilized eggs develop directly into adult females |
|
|
Lophotrochozoa
|
A large clade combining two big groups of spiralian invertebrates
|
|
|
What are the two groups in Lophotrochozoa?
|
-Trochozoa (mollusks, annelids, etc)
-Lophophorata (brachiopods, bryozoans) |
|
|
Lophophore
|
A feeding organ that is specialized to Lophophorates
|
|
|
Trochozoans
|
-Mollusks and annelids
-Mostly aquatic -Includes largest invertebrate (giant squid) and most intelligent (octopus) |
|
|
Special parts in Trochozoans
|
-Internal organs embedded in solid tissue called a visceral mass
-Large muscular foot that extends from the visceral mass, can glide or burrow -Scraping tongue called radula |
|
|
Mantle
|
The outer fold of tissue that protects the soft bodies
-Two pairs of gills suspended in mantle cavity |
|
|
Nephridia
|
-Drains wastes collecting in the coelom
-Delivers wastes to mantle cavity to be pumped out |
|
|
Reproduction of Trochozoans
|
-Separate sexes
-External fertilization in water -Few are hermaphroditic |
|
|
Importance of Phylum Mollusca
|
-Huge for seafood industry
-Pearls -Bivalves filter tremendous amounts of water which helps remove pollutants -Tyrian purple dye |
|
|
Phylum Mollusca- Class Polyplacophora
|
-Chitons
-Most primitive groups of mollusks -Adhere to rocks and other hard surfaces, create partial vacuum by using mantle cavity -Dorsoventrally flattened -Typically eucoelomate body |
|
|
Phylum Mollusca- Class Bivalvia
|
-Clams, oysters, scallops
-Laterally flattened -Great adaptation for burrowing in sand -Two shells (valves) hinged together, closed by powerful adductor muscles -Cilia on gills moves water through the mantle cavity -Breathe and eat through siphons |
|
|
Phylum Mollusca- Class Gastropoda
|
-Snails, slugs, limpets, whelks, conch, abalone
-Single shell -Highly mobile |
|
|
Advantage of a torsion
|
-Gills located toward front, best for forward moving
-Can withdraw into shell, only a single opening to protect predators |
|
|
What is the opening of a Gastropoda's shell called?
|
Operculum-shelly plate
|
|
|
Characteristics of Gastropoda
|
-Highly cephalized
-Sensory tentacles -Taste with chemoreceptors -Balance with statocysts |
|
|
Characteristics of slugs
|
-Shells are reduced to small plates under the skin
-Marine slugs are vividly colored and have stinging cells |
|
|
Phylum Mollusca- Class Cephalopdoa
|
-Octopus, squid, ammonites
-8 to 10 tentacles -Only mollusks with closed circulatory system -Octopus only one that lacks shells |
|
|
How Cephalopdoas capture prey
|
-Squid can move up to 40 km/hr
-Tentacles are lined with suckers for fast movement -Mouths have poison glands -Prey torn apart by strong break and shredded by radula |
|
|
Characteristics of Ammonites
|
-Primitive cephalopods
-Enlarge their shells as they grow -Live in outermost chambers of shell |
|
|
Phylum Annelida
|
-Polychaetes
-Earthworms -Leeches -All have long bodies that are organized into a linear series of compartments |
|
|
Segmentation
|
-Seen in the phylum Annelida
-Each segment is separated by cross walls called septae -Takes place in mesoderm -Allows for burrowing |
|
|
Advantages of Segmentation
|
-Movement over solid surfaces
-Circular and longitudinal muscles in each segment -Segments specialize, are identical, and can regenerate |
|
|
Setae
|
-Special bristles in the Annelids that anchor down segments and allow them to push through the soil
-Made of chitin |
|
|
Characteristics of Annelida
|
-Closed circulatory system
-Respiration via diffusion -Excretion by nephridia -Well developed nervous system -Brain consists of ganglia |
|
|
Phylum Annelida- Class Polychaeta
|
-Tube worms, fan worms, paddle worms
-Most primitive annelids -Mainly marine -Highly cephalized -Separate sexes |
|
|
Parapodia
|
-Paddle like appendages in the Polychaeta
-Covered with setae -Used for movement -Provides more surface area for respiration by diffusion |
|
|
Phylum Annelida- Class Oligochaeta
|
-Earthworms
-Live in soil and bottom sediments of fresh water -Most are scavengers feeding on dead matter -Important for aerating the soil -Lack parapodia and are not cephalized |
|
|
Clitellum
|
-How Oliogchaeta reproduce
-Series of swollen segments -Secretes mucus to hold worms together while they mate |
|
|
Phylum Annelida- Class Hirudinea
|
-Leeches
-Both scavengers and predators -Highly modified -Anterior and posterior suckers that attach onto host and help with movement |
|
|
Similarities between leeches and earthworms
|
-Lack parapodia and cephalization
-Hermaphroditic, breed with a clitellum -Lay eggs in a cocoon |
|
|
Phylum Nematoda
|
-Divided into Spiralia and Ecdysozoa
|
|
|
Ecdysozoa
|
-Animals that molt (nematodes and arthropods)
-Periodically sheds an exoskeleton in order to grow -Cuticle of chitin molted -Radial cleavage -Don't use cilia to move -Lack trochophore larva -Pseudocoelomate |
|
|
Movement of Ecdysozoa
|
-Lack circular muscles
-Longitudinal muscles thrash wildly about -Rings provide grips on surfaces -Wriggles between grains of sand |
|
|
Mating of Ecdysozoa
|
-Separarte sexes
-Sexually dimorphic, males are smaller -Males have a copulatory hook to hold open female's genital pore |
|
|
Harmful parasitic species of Ecdysozoa
|
-Ascaris (intestinal roundworms)
-Trichinella (causes trichinosis in vertebrates and forms cysts in muscles) -Hookworms (most harmful, worms live in feces and reenter through soles of feet) |
|
|
Characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda
|
-Jointed appendages
-Eucoelomate -Covered with a tough cuticles made of chitin and protein, acts as exoskeleton -Molts to grow -Open circulatory system -Respiration via gills and diffusion -Sexual dimorphism -Internal fertilization in terrestrial, external in aquatic |
|
|
Legs in the Arthropods
|
-Movement, walk and swim
-Modified legs can bite, sting, suck and chew -Modified legs as sensory organs (pedipalps, antennae) -Modified legs to mate |
|
|
Economic importance of Arthropods
|
-Seafood
-Pollinate commercial crops -Carry or cause many diseases -Primary converters of plant to animal tissue |
|
|
Importance of small size in Arthropods
|
-Reliance on diffusion
-Exoskeleton would be too big for movement -Easier to escape predators |
|
|
Segments of an Arthropod
|
3 major segments:
-head, thorax, abdomen -Or can have cephalothorax and an abdomen |
|
|
Phylum Arthropoda- Subphylum Chelicerata
|
-Horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, daddy longlegs
-First pair of appendages are chelicerae -Chelicerae usually fangs or pincers -No antennae |
|
|
Phylum Arthropoda- Subphylum Chelicerata- Class Merostomata
|
-Horseshoe crabs
-Nocturnal -Feed on annelids and mollusks -Live in water -Main food source for birds -Source of lysate, clots around dangerous bacteria |
|
|
Phylum Arthropoda- Subphylum Chelicerata- Class Arachnida
|
-Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites
-Cephalothorax and abdomen -8 legs -First appendages are chelicerae -Second pair are pedipalps |
|
|
Class Arachnida- Order Scorpions
|
-Pedipalps modified as pincers
-Venomous sting in tail |
|
|
Class Arachnida- Order Arenae
|
-Spiders
-Breathe by book lungs -Pedipalps as copulatory organs -Posterior appendages are spinnerets |
|
|
Class Arachnida- Order Acari
|
-Ticks and mites
-Cephalothorax and abdomen are fused -Economically important because major pests on crops and carry diseases |
|
|
Class Arachnida- Order Opiliones
|
-Daddy longlegs
-Oval body, cephalothorax and abdomen but no waist -Not spiders -Eyes mounted on back |
|
|
Phylum Arthropoda- Subphylum Crustacea
|
-Crabs, shrimp, lobsters, brine shrimp, isopods, barnacles
-Mostly marine -Biramous appendages -Legs on both abdomen and thorax -Share common larval form- nauplius larva |
|
|
Phylum Arthropoda- Subphylum Myriapoda
|
-Centipedes, millipedes
-Divided into two classes: Chilopoda and Diplopoda |
|
|
Subphylum Myriapoda- Class Chilopoda
|
-Centipedes
-One pair of legs per segment -Uniarmous appendages -Carnivorous -Poison fangs |
|
|
Subphylum Myriapoda- Class Diplopoda
|
-Millipedes
-Two pair of legs per segment because of fusion -Mostly herbivorous -Secrete a cyanide gas for defense |
|
|
Phylum Arthropoda- Subphylum Hexapoda- Class Insecta
|
-Insects
-Body is a head, thorax and abdomen -Uniramous appendages -6 legs -Communicate by scent and sound |
|
|
Spiracles in Insecta
|
-Openings along the abdomen that allow terrestrial forms to breathe
-Open into a network of tiny tubes called trachea |
|
|
Hemimetabolous
|
-Simple metamorphosis
-No resting stage, juvenile looks like adult -Only 10% of insects |
|
|
Holometabolous
|
-Complete metamorphosis
-Resting stage (pupa), adults look different, eat different things, live in different places -Ex. Butterfly |
|
|
Phylum Echinodermata
|
-Sedentary, slow moving, marine animals
-Lack cephalization -No brain or CNS -Asexual reproduction or fragmentation |
|
|
Body and parts of Phylum Echinodermata
|
-Endoskeleton of calcium carbonate
-Covered by a thin skin -Many small spines extend from the body -Open circulatory system -Large coelom functions in both respiration and circulation |
|
|
Flow of water in Phylum Echinodermata
|
-Madreporite
-Ring Canal -Radial Canal -Ampullae -Tube feet |
|
|
Catch
|
-Connective tissue in Echinoderms
-Tissue can change from solid to near liquid at will -Allows them to shed arms to escape predators |
|
|
Phylum Echinodermata-Class Crinoidea
|
-Sea lilies, feather stars
-Moth and anus atop disk -Tube feet modified for filter feeding |
|
|
Phylum Echinodermata- Class Asteroidea
|
-Starfish
-Superficial radial symmetry -Can open bivalves with tube feet |
|
|
Dermal gills
|
-In starfish
-Finger-like projections of skin that stick out near the base of spines -Aid in respiration and excretion |
|
|
Pedicillaria
|
-In starfish
-Bear tiny pincers -Help capture prey and repel boarders |
|
|
Phylum Echinodermata- Class Echinoidea
|
-Sea urchins, sand dollars
-Lack arms -Sharp spines attach to skeletal plates under the skin that help defend and move -Harvested for their gonads (roe) |
|
|
Phylum Echinodermata- Class Ophiuroidea
|
-Brittle stars, basket stars
-Like starfish but with long brittle arms -Lack anus -Small and fast moving -Carnivores, scavengers and filter feeders |
|
|
Phylum Echinodermata- Class Holothuridea
|
-Sedentary marine animals (sea cucumbers)
-Skeletal plates under skin reduced to few scattered plates -Tube feet used for filter feeding -Secretes sticky tubules out their anus when threatened |
|
|
Phylum Chaetognatha
|
-Arrow worms
-Small and transparent -Tiny little predators -Tiny hooks around the mouth that capture prey -No circulatory, respiratory, or excretory organs -Rely on diffusion |
|
|
Phylum Hemichordata
|
-Acorn worms
-Marine deuterostomes -Two branched tentacle filter food -Dorsal hollow nerve cord |
|
|
Phylum Chordata
|
-Lancelets, tunicates, vertebrates
-Have 3 basic traits: -Pharyngeal gill slits -Dorsal hollow nerve cord -Notochord |
|
|
Pharyngeal gill slits
|
-In pharynx of all chordates at some stage in development
-Aid in respiration and filter feeding -Gill arches eventually become bony and migrate forward -Evolves into biting jaws |
|
|
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
|
-Forms early on along the dorsal side
-Develops into the spinal cord and brain |
|
|
Notochord
|
-Flexible supporting rod made of cartilage
-Develops into, or is replaced by, the vertebral column |
|
|
Phylum Chordata- Subphylum Cephalochordata
|
-Lancelets
-Common in shallow water -Filter feed by pharyngeal gill slits -Sedentary -Segmented musculature |
|
|
Phylum Chordata- Subphylum Urochordata
|
-Tunicates
-Sessile marine animals -Covered with a cellulose cloak -Pharyngeal gill slits to exchange gas and feed -Larva motile, but settle down into sessile |
|
|
Phylum Chordata- Subphylum Vertebrata
|
-Vertebral column
-Linear series of vertebrae -Closed circulatory system -Separate sexes -Highly cephalized -Complex nervous system -Brain enclosed by bony skull |
|
|
Subphylum Vertebrata- Superclass Pisces- Class Myxini
|
-Hagfish
-Jawless fishes -Skeleton of cartilage -Lack paired fins -Parasites and scavengers |
|
|
Subphylum Vertebrata- Superclass Pisces- Class Cephalaspidomorphi
|
-Lampreys
-Marine and fresh water fish -Bony skull and primitive vertebrae |
|
|
Subphylum Vertebrata- Superclass Pisces- Class Chondrichthyes
|
-Sharks, skates, rays
-Jaws to chew and manipulate food -Lack bony skeleton -Lateral line -Skin covered with tooth like denticles -Paired fins used for horizontal stability |
|
|
Subphylum Vertebrata- Superclass Pisces- Class Actinopterygii
|
-Ray finned bony fishes
-Swim bladder -Fins are webs of skin with no muscles -Protective scales |
|
|
Subphylum Vertebrata- Superclass Pisces- Class Sarcopterygii
|
-Lobe finned fishes
-Have bone and muscle to move fins |
|
|
Subphylum Vertebrata- Superclass Tetrapoda- Class Amphibia
|
-Frogs, toads, salamanders
-Evolved from lobe fish -External fertilization -Eggs have no shell so must be laid in water -Lungs are very primitive -Breathe through skin so must stay moist |
|
|
Subphylum Vertebrata- Superclass Tetrapoda- Class Reptilia
|
-Turtles, snakes, crocodiles, lizards, dinosaurs
-First fully terrestrial animals -Dry skin -Expands and contracts ribs to breathe -Internal fertilization -Amniotic egg |
|
|
Subphylum Vertebrata- Superclass Tetrapoda- Class Aves
|
-Birds
-Lightweight and hollow bones -Forearms modified for flight -Covered with feathers -Warm blooded |
|
|
Subphylum Vertebrata- Superclass Tetrapoda- Class Mammalia
|
-Nourish young with milk from mammary glands
-All have nipples -Not all have navels, marsupials have external pouches -Bodies are covered in hair -Hair made of keratin, protein that makes fingernails, claws, horns, hooves |
