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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of the Spine
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Support
Movement Protection Shock Absorption |
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Elements of the Spine
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7 Cervical vertebrae - neck
12 Thoracic vertebrae - back 5 Lumbar vertebrae - low back 1 Coccyx |
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Shape of the spine
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2 Primary Curves
*Thoracic - kyphotic *Sacral - kyphotic 2 Secondary Curves *Cervical - lordotic *Lumbar - lordotic |
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Define Kyphotic
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concave anterioroly, convex posteriorly
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Define Lordotic
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concave posterioroly, convex anteriorly
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Where vertebrae meet there are 3 joints
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2 Synovial facet joints
1 disc joint (cartilagenous) |
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Describe disc joint
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symphysis, amphiarthrotic joint
firbrocartilage encloses jelly like center thick, 25% of spinal column height Main purpose is weight bearing |
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Describe facet joint
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Synovial, gliding
purpose is to guide movement |
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Spinal Joints together
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Allow both gliding movement & circular movement
Disc thickness determines amount of movement @ each segmental level The plane of facet determines direction of movement |
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Main spinal ligaments
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Anterior longitudinal ligament - limits extension
Posterior longitudinal ligament - limits flexion |
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Cervical spinal joints
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Plane of facets mainly in transverse plain
allow R & L rotation best |
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Thoracic spinal joints
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the plane of facets is frontal
allow R & L lateral flexion ribcage limits lateral flexion in thoracic Extension limited by spinous processes |
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Lumbar spinal joints
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Plane of facets in sagittal plane
allow flexion & extension & lateral flexion |
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Tempomandibular Joint TMJ
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Uniaxial, modified hinge
allows elevation & depression allows protraction & retraction allows R & L lateral deviation Has articular disc within joint |
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Rib joints
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Sternocostal - ribs & sternum (cartilaginous)
Costovertebral - ribs & vertebral body (synovial) Costotransverse - ribs & TP (synovial_) |
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Muscles of Facial Expression - Eye
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Orbicularis Oculi
Levator Palpebrae Superioris Corrugator Supercilli |
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Muscles of Facial Expression - Nose
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Procerus
Nasalis Depressor Septi Nasi |
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Muscles of Facial Expression - Mouth
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Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi
Levator Labii Superioris Zygomaticus Minor Zygomaticus Major Levator Angulie Oris Depressor Anguli Oris Depressor Labii Inferioris Mentalis Buccinator Orbicularis Oris |
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Muscles of Suboccipital Group
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Extension of head @ atlanto-occipital joint
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor Obliquuus Capitis Inferior Obliquus Capitis Superior Postural stabilizers Cause suboccipital headaches |
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Infrahyoid Muscles of the Hyoid Group
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Depression of the hyoid bone
Sternohyoid Sternothyroid Thyrohoid Omohyoid |
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Suprahyoid Muscles of the Hyoid Group
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Elevation of the hyoid bone & contributes to flexion @ cervical spine
Digastric Stylohyoid Mylohoid Geniohyoid |
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Muscles of the Prevertebral Group
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Flexion of head and/or neck @ spinal joints (whiplash injuries)
Longus Colli Longus Capitis Rectus Capitis Anterior Rectus Capitis Lateralis |
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Muscles of the posterior trunk
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Interspinales
Intertransversarii Levatores Costarum Subcostales |
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Flexors of the Neck
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SCM
Scalenes (ant & mid) Prevertebrals Hyoids |
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Flexors of the Trunk
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Rectus Abdominis
External Abdominal Oblique Internal Abdominal Oblique Psoas Major |
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Extensors of the Neck
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Erector Spinae Group
Transversospinalis Group Upper Trapezius Levator Scapulae Slpenius Capitis Splenius Cervicis Suboccipitalis Interspinales |
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Extensors of the Trunk
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Erector Spinae Group
Transversospinalis Group Interspinales Quadratus Lumborum |
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Lateral Flexors of the Trunk
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External Abdominal Oblique
Internal Abdominal Oblique Quadratus Lumborum Rectus Abdominis |
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Lateral Flexors of the Neck
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SCM
Scalenes Upper Trapezius Splenius Capitis Splenius Cervicis Levator Scapulae Erector Spinae Group Transversospinalis Group Intertransversarii |
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Ipsilateral Rotator of the Neck
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Splenius Capitis
Splenius Cervicis Erector Spinae Group |
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Ipsilateral Rotators of the Trunk
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INternal Abdominal Oblique
Erector Spinae Group |
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Contralateral Rotators of the Neck
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SCM
Upper Trapezius Transversospinalis |
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Contralateral Rotators of the Trunk
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EXternal Abdominal Oblique
Transversospinalis Group |
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The Hip Joint
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Tri-axial ball & socket - synovial
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Major ligaments of the hip joint
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Iliofemoral (Y) ligament
Pubofemoral ligament Ischiofemoral ligament Ligamentum teres (internal w/in joint) |
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Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
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Two Pelvic Bones
Sacrum |
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Posterior Tilters of the pelvis
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flexors of the trunk @ lumbosacral joint (abdominals)
extensors of the thigh @ hip (hip extensors) |
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Anterior tilters of the pelvis
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extensors of the trunk @ lumbosacral joint (low back)
flexors of the thigh @ hip (hip flexors) |
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Coupled Movements
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When the movement of one bone requires movement of another
aka coupled action Active movement |
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Deep Lateral rotators of the thigh
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Six, including Piriformis
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Flexors of thigh @ hip joint
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Iliopsoas
TFL Sartorius Rectus Femoris Pectinius Adductor Longus Gracilis Adductor Brevis Gluteus Medius (anterior) Gluteus Minimus (anterior) |
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Extensors of thigh @ hip joint
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Gluteus Maximus
Hamstrings *Biceps Femoris (long head) *Semitendinosus *Semimembranosus Adductor Magnus Gluteus Medius (posterior) Gluteus Minimus (posterior) |
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ABductors of thigh @ hip joint
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Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Minimus TFL Sartorius Gluteus Maximus (upper 1/3) |
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ADductors of thigh @ hip joint
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Pectineus
Adductor Longus Gracilis Adductor Brevis Adductor Magnus Gluteus Maximus (leover 2/3) |
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Lateral Rotators of thigh @ hip joint
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Iliopsoas
Gluteus Maximus Piriformis Superior Gemellus Obturator Internus Inferior Gemellus Obturator Externus Quadratus Femoris Sartorius Gluteus Medius (posterior) Gluteus Minimus (posterior) |
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Medial Rotators of thigh @ hip joint
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Gluteus Medius (anterior)
Gluteus Minimus (anterior) TFL |
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Posterior tilters of pelvis @ hip joint
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Gluteus Maximus
Adductor Magnus Biceps Femoris (long head) Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Gluteus Medius (posterior) Gluteus Minimus (posterior) |
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Anterior tilters of pelvis @ hip joint
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Iliopsoas
TFL Sartorius Rectus Femoris Pectineus Adductor Longus Gracilis Adductor Brevis Gluteus Medius (anterior) Gluteus Minimus (anterior) |
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Depressors of pelvis @ hip joint
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Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Minimus TFL Sartorius Gluteus Maximus (upper 1/3) |
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Posterior tilters of pelvis @ lumbosacral joint
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Rectus Abdominus
External Abdominal Oblique Internal Abdominal Oblique |
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Anterior tilters of pelvis @ lumbosacral joint
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Latissimus Dorsi
Erector Spinae Group Transversospinalis Group QL |
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Elevators of pelvis @ lumbosacral joint
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QL
Erector Spinae Group Transversospinalis Group |
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Knee Joint
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Biaxial modified hinge synovial joint
formed by tibia & femur |
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2 fibrocarilaginous discs between femur & tibia
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Medial & Lateral menisci
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Major ligaments of knee joint
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Medial Collateral ligament
Lateral Collateral ligament Anterior Cruciate ligament Posterior Cruciate ligament |
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Ankle Joint
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Uniaxial hinge synovial joint
formed by distal tibia & fibula with talus Tallus held by 2 malleolii (nut & wrench) |
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Major ligaments of ankle joint
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Anterior talofibular ligament(laterally)
Posterior talofibular ligament (laterally) Calcaneofibular ligament (laterally) Deltoid ligament (medially) |
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Subtalar Joint
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Uniaxial (part synovial, part fibrous)
Talus & calcaneus |
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Metatarsophalangeal Joints (MTP)
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Biaxial synovial joints
5 per foot Flexion & Extension Abduction & Adduction |
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Interphalangeal Joints (pedis)
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Uniaxial hinge synovial
2 per toe 1 per big toe PIP DIP |
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Flexors of leg @ knee joint
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Hamstrings
*Biceps Femoris *Semitendinosus *Semimembranosus Sartorius Gracilis Gastrocnemium Popliteus |
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Extensors of leg @ knee joint
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TFL
Quadriceps Femoris Group *Rectus Femoris *Vastus Lateralis *Vastus Medialis *Vastus Intermedius Gluteus Maximus |
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Medial Rotators of leg @ knee joint
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Sartorius
Gracilis Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Popliteus |
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Lateral Rotators of leg @ knee joint
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Biceps Femoris
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Dorsiflexors of foot @ ankle
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Tibialis Anterior
Extensor Digitorum Longus Extensor Hallicus Longus Fibularis Tertius *all anterior compartment *cross in front of malleolii |
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Plantaflexors of foot @ ankle joint
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Gastrocnemius
Soleus Fibularis Longus Fibularis Brevis Tibialis Posterior Flexor Digitorum Longus Flexor Hallicus Longus |
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Inverters of foot @ subtalar joint
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Tibialis Anterior
Extensor Hallicus Longus Tibialis Posterior Flexor Digitorum Longus Flexor Hallucis Longus *attach medially @ foot |
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Everters of foot @ subtalar joint
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Fibularis Longus
Fibularis Brevis Fibularis Tertius Extensor Digitorum Longus *attach laterally @ foot |
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Intrinsic Muscles of the foot
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Dorsal Surface
Plantar Surface layer 1 Plantar Surface layer 2 Plantar Surface layer 3 Plantar Surface layer 4 |
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A muscle that causes contralateral rotation of cervical spine
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SCM
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Muscles that causes lateral flexion of cervical spine
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Spenius Capitus
Erector Spinae Scalenes |
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An ipsilateral rotator of the trunk
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INternal abdominal oblique
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A muscle that causes Left Lateral flexion of the trunk
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Left External Oblique
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Muscles that are posterior to the spine & attach to the spine cause
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spinal flexion
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The abdominal muscles make up the _________ of the trunk
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Flexors
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The SCM & scalenes are important ___________ of the cervical spine
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lateral flexors
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The QL is a strong __________ of the trunk
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lateral flexor
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What is the combined acton of the prevertebral muscles @ the cervical spine?
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Flexion
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What is the combined action of the hyoid muscle group @ the cervical spine?
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Flexion
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What is the main spinal action of the interspinales muscles?
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Extension of neck & trunk @ spinal joints
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What is the main spinal action of the intertransverarii muscles?
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Lateral flextion
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Name as many muscles as possible that cause L rotation of the cervical spine
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R SCM
R upper trapezius R Transversospinalis L Erector Spinae L Splenius Capitis L Splenius Cervicis |
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Name as many muscles as possible that cause L lateral flexion of the trunk
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L External Oblique
L Rectus Abdominus L QL L Erector Spinae L Transversospinalis Group L Iliopsoas |
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List muscles that laterally rotate leg & hip
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Gluteus Maximus
Iliopsoas Piriformis |
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List muscles that ADduct hip joint
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Pectineus
Adductor Longus Gracilis |
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Which muscles cause ABduction & Medial Rotation @ hip joint
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Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Minimus TFL |
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Medial rotation & abduction @ hip are performed primarily by the same muscles
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True
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The main action of Iliopsoas
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Flexion of the hip
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There are _________ deep lateral rotators of hip joint
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Six,including Piriformis
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Which muscles, when tight, cause posterior tilt of pelvis?
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Hamstrings
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Which muscles, when tight, cause anterior tilt of pelvis?
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Iliopsoas
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Which muscle is likely to be tight on the elevated side of a lateral pelvic tilt?
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QL
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Which muscle is likely to be tight on the depressed side of a lateral pelvic tilt?
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Gluteus Medius
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The hip on the same side of a pelvic rotation will _______ to allow the lower extremity on that side to continue facing forward
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Medially rotate
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If you have L rotation of the pelvis, what direction will the spine (lumbar & thoracic) move in order to keep the trunk facing forward?
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Right rotation
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When you extend your thigh @ the hip joint in an active movement, the pelvis will tilt
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Anteriorly
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With a lateral pelvic tilt, the lumbar spine laterally flexes to the same or opposite side of the pelvic tilt
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Opposite
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Name the 4 muscles that produce extension of the leg @ knee joint
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Rectus Femoris
Vastus Lateralis Vastus Medialis Vastus Intermedius |
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Name the 3 hamstring muscles & each attachment below the knee
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Biceps Femoris
Semitendinosus Semimembranosus |
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Beside the hamstrings, name 3 muscles that can flex the leg @ knee joint
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Sartorius
Gracilis Gastrocnemius |
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Name the one muscle covered that can cause lateral rotation @ knee joint
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Biceps Femoris
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Name at least 3 muscles that can cause medial rotation of knee joint
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Sartorius
Gracilis Semitendinosus |
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Which ligament of the knee is most likely to be sprained with a blow to the leg and or/thigh from the lateral side moving medially?
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Medial collateral ligament
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`Which ligament is most commonly ruptured of the knee - common sports injury
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ACL
Anterior Cruciate |
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What are the general functions of the menisci in the knee?
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Shock Absorption
Increase stability |
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Which ligament of the ankle is most commonly sprained in the body?
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Anterior talofibular
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Name 4 muscles that can cause plantarflexion of the ankle
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Gastrocnemius
Soleus Fibularis Longus Fibularis Brevis |
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Name 2 muscles that can cause dorsiflexion of the ankle
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Tibialis Anterior
Extensor Digitorum Longus |
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Name 3 muscles that can cause inversion of the foot @ the subtalar joint
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Tibialis Anterior
Tibialis Posterior Extensor Hallicus Longus |
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Static Posture
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Good - easy, balanced on weight bearing joints without excess stress on tissues
Bad - places excess stress on body tissues |
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Dynamic Posture
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Good - dynamically balanced, maintains freedom of movement thru awareness
Bad - dynamic process, out of balance, "stuck" or causes pain |
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Posture compensation
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When body segment is off balance, the body compensates to avoid falling
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Compensation methods
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Counterbalancing body segments
Increasing stress upon muscles Increasing stress upon ligaments |
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Common postural problems
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Swayback
Rounded Shoulders Head Anterior |
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Types of movement
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Active
Passive Ballistic |
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Define ballistic movement
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Person moves joint initially w/active contraction & lets momentum complete movement passively
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Procioperception
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A body's sense of self
Awareness of it's position & movement through space |
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Types of proprioceptors
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Muscle
Positional/movement Equilibrium |
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Muscle Proprioceptors
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Muscle spindles
Golgi Tendon Organs |
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Muscles of Mastication
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Temporalis
Masseter Lateral Pterygoid Medial Pteragoid |
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Right Rotators of Neck
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R Splenius Capitis
R Splenius Cervicis R Erector Spinae Group L SCM L Transversospinalis L Upper Trap |
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L Rotators of Neck
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L Spenius Capitis
L Splenius Cervicis L Erector Spinae Group R SCM R Transversospinalis R Upper Trap |
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R Rotators of Trunk
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R Internal Abdominal Oblique
R Erector Spinae Group L External Ab Oblique L Transversospinalis Group |
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L Rotators of Trunk
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L Internal Abdominal Oblique
L Erector Spinae Group R External Abdominal Oblique |
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Plumbline Lateral Landmarks
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Ear
Shoulder Greater Trochanter Side of Knee Lateral Malleolus |
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Postural Assessment observations parameters
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Alignment
Proportions of body parts, size & shape Muscular Effort |
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Innate Reflexes
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True reflexes, hard wired response to certain stimulus
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Learned Behaviors
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Not true reflexes
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Muscle Spindles
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In muscle belly
detect changes in length Contract when strongly stimulated |
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Golgi Tendon Organs
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Near tendon/muscle junction
detect tension on tendon Relax when strongly stimulated |
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Pacinian Corpuscles
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Connective Tissues - soles of fee
Detect changes in mechanical force ie: pressure Provide dynamic info to CNS |
