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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the hip joint provies simulataneous movement between
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lower extremity and pelvis
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infants are more prone to ______ ; why?
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prone to disclocation becasue hips are abnormally formed
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what hip diseases are the elderly more at risk for
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1) degenerative joint disease
2) increased osteoporosis and fall risk --> hip fracture |
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what characteristics of the hip make it suited for stability
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1) head stabilized by deep socket
2) surrounded by extensive ligaments 3) large forceful muscles surrounding the joint |
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what is the innominate
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the "hip" it means "nameless" and is the union of hte illium, pubis, and ischium
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where do the R and L innominates connect 1) anteriorly and 2) posteriorly
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1) anteriorly at the pubis symphysis
2) posteriorly at the sacrum |
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what makes up the "pelvis"
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the innominate bones +the sacrum
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what would determine a "normal stance" of the pelvis
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if viewed in lateral view, there should be a vertical line from the ASIS to the pubic tubercle
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what are the 3 features of the external surface of the innominate
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1) wing of the ilium
2) acetabulum 3) obturator foramen |
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what is the Wing of the ilium
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- aka "ala"
- large fan-shaped - superior half of the innominate |
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where is the acetabulum located (and what's its shape)
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just below the wing of the ilium, and it is deep cup-shaped
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where is the obturator foramen
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inferior and medial to the acetabulum
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what covers the obturator foramen
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obturator membrane
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what signifies the attachment sites of gluteal muscles to the pelvis
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posterior, anterior, and inferior gluteal lines
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what is considered the most anterior extent of the ilium
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the ASIS
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where is the AIIS located
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just below the ASIS
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what is the most superior rim of the ilium called
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iliac creast
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what is the posterior end of the iliac crest
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posterior superior iliac spine
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what does the dimple in the skin in the low back usually mark
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soft tissue connecting superficial to the PSIS
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what does the posterior inferior iliaci spine mark
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the superior rim of the sciatic notch
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what creates the greater sciatic notch
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the bones of the innominate
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what creates the greater sciatic foramen
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formed within the greater sciatic notch by the ligaments crossing it
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what ligaments bridge the opening of the greater sciatic notch
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sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
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where is the iliac fossa (and its shape)
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anterior surface of the ilium, smooth and concave
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what muscle lines the iliac fossa
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iliacus muscle
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where is the AIIS located
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just below the ASIS
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what is the most superior rim of the ilium called
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iliac creast
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what is the posterior end of the iliac crest
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posterior superior iliac spine
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what does the dimple in the skin in the low back usually mark
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soft tissue connecting superficial to the PSIS
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what does the posterior inferior iliaci spine mark
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the superior rim of the sciatic notch
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what creates the greater sciatic notch
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the bones of the innominate
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what creates the greater sciatic foramen
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formed within the greater sciatic notch by the ligaments crossing it
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what ligaments bridge the opening of the greater sciatic notch
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sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
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where is the iliac fossa (and its shape)
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anterior surface of the ilium, smooth and concave
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what muscle lines the iliac fossa
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iliacus muscle
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where does the sacrum articulate with the ilium
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on the auricular surface (which is on the posterior surface)
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what forms the iliac tuberocity
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attachments of the SI ligaments
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where is the iliac tuberocity located
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just posterior to the auricular surface
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where is the superior pubic ramus located
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anterior from the acetabulum to the body of the pubis
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what forms the pubic symphysis
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the body of the pubis
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where is the pectineal line (on the pubis) and what is its purpose
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upper surface of the superior pubic ramus, and serves as an attachment site for the pectineus muscle
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where is the pubic tubercle and what is its purpose
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projects anteriorly from superior pubic ramus and serves as an attachment site for the inguinal ligament
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where is the inferior pubic ramus located
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body of the pubis posteriorly to the junction of the ischium
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what type of joint is the pubic symphysis
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fibrocartilaginous joint --> amphiarthrosis
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the pubic symphysis joint is:
1) composed of the articulation between.... 2) lined with ..... 3) held together by..... |
1) articulation in the midline of the two pubic bones
2) lined with hyaline cartilage 3) held together bu fibrocartilaginous interpubic ddisc and supportive ligaments |
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where does the sacrum articulate with the ilium
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on the auricular surface (which is on the posterior surface)
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what forms the iliac tuberocity
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attachments of the SI ligaments
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where is the iliac tuberocity located
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just posterior to the auricular surface
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where is the superior pubic ramus located
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anterior from the acetabulum to the body of the pubis
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what forms the pubic symphysis
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the body of the pubis
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where is the pectineal line (on the pubis) and what is its purpose
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upper surface of the superior pubic ramus, and serves as an attachment site for the pectineus muscle
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where is the pubic tubercle and what is its purpose
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projects anteriorly from superior pubic ramus and serves as an attachment site for the inguinal ligament
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where is the inferior pubic ramus located
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body of the pubis posteriorly to the junction of the ischium
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what type of joint is the pubic symphysis
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fibrocartilaginous joint --> amphiarthrosis
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the pubic symphysis joint is:
1) composed of the articulation between.... 2) lined with ..... 3) held together by..... |
1) articulation in the midline of the two pubic bones
2) lined with hyaline cartilage 3) held together bu fibrocartilaginous interpubic ddisc and supportive ligaments |
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where is the ischial spine located
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on the posterior side of the ischium, just inferior to the greater sciatic notch
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where is the lesser sciatic notch located
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just inferior to the spine
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what forms the lesser sciatic foramen
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the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
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where is the ischial tuberosity
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posterior and inferior from the acetabulum
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where is the proximal attachment for many lower extremity muscles (i.e. hamstrings)
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ischial tuberosity
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where is the ischial ramus located
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anterior from ischial tuberosity
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the acetabulum is located just above what?
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the obturator foramen
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what forms the "socket" of the hip
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acetabulum
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which bones of the pelvis make up the acetabulum and in what percent
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ALL three form part of the acetabulum:
ilium +ischium = 80% pubis = 20% |
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the femur is the ____ and ____ in the body
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longest and strongest bone in the body
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what is unique about the shape of the femur
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it has the "bend to it" to allow for powerful muscle action and long stride length during walking
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why does the proximal femur project laterally
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to prevent bony impingement along the pelvis
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why does the distal femur project medially
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to align the feet and knees closer to the midline of the body
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what is the distinct shape of the femur in relation to stress
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anterior convexity that bows when weight bearing ---> stress dissiptated through compression along post. shaft and through tension along anterior shaft
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where is the femoral head
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proximal end of the femur and articulates with the acetabulum
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what connects the head of the femur to the shaft
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the femoral neck
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where is the distal attachment site for capsular ligaments
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the intertrochanteric line (anterior)
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where is the greater trochanter located
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lateral and posterior from the junction of the femoral neck and shaft
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what is the purpose of the greater trochanter
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distal attachment site for many muscles
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where is the trochanteric fossa and what is its purpose
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the medial surface of the greater trochanter .... accepts the distal attachment of the obturator externus
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where is the lesser trochanter located
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sharp projection on the inferior end of the crest in posterior/medial direction
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where is the major distal attachment for the iliopsoas
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lesser trochanter
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what is the significance of the linea aspera
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1) marks middle 1/3 of the posterior shaft of the femor
2) attachment site for vasti muscles, adductors, and intermuscular fascia |
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what is the proximal medial split of the linea aspera
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pectineal (spiral) line
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what is the proximal lateral split of the linea aspera
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gluteal tuberosity
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what are the distal splits of the linear aspera called
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lateral and medial supracondylar lines
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where is the adductor tubercle
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extreme distal end of the medial supracondylar line
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what is the angle of inclination
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angle between femoral neck and medial femoral shaft
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what is the angle of inclination 1) at birth and 2) in adulthood
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1) at birth 140-150
2) increases to 125 due to loading across the neck as we age --> giving optimal alignment of joint surfaces |
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what is coxa vara
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coxa (hip) vara (bend inward)
inward bend/ angle of inclination less than 125 |
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what is coxa valga
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coxa (hip) valga (bend outward)
outward bend/ angle of inclination >125 |
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what is the effect of a change in angle of inclination
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alters the alignment between the femoral head and acetabulum
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what is the torsion angle
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rotation between the shaft and neck of the femur
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what is normal torsion angle
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between 10-15 anterior to medial/lateral axis through femoral condyles
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what is excessive anteversion
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torsion angle > 15 degrees
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what is excessive anteversion associated with
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1) congenital dislocation
2) marked joint incongruence 3) increased wear on articular cartilage 4) "in toeing" in children |
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what is "in-toeing" in children
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excessive anteversion--- causing a walking pattern with exaggerated hip IR acting as a compensation for an anteverted femoral head
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if "in-toeing" in children is not addressed what are possible consequences
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1) contracture of internal rotators
2) contracture of ligaments restricting external rotation |
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do kids with "intoeing" walk normally ever
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eventually 50% walk normal, gait pattern improves because of structural compensation in lower extermity and tibia
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what is retroversion
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torsion angle <15 degrees
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what is the torsion angle at birth
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born with 30 degrees anteversion, decreases to 15 degrees by age six
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what is the OPTIMAL alignment of the hip
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normal angle of inclination (125) with 15 degrees anteversion
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what are the stresses produced during walking
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1) tension
2) compresison 3) bending 4) shear 5) torsion on proximal femur |
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how is the femur able to handle such high stresses
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proximal femur resists and absorbs mechanical energy through different bone compositions
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what are roles of compact bone in the femur
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withstand large external loads--- dense and unyielding tissue
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where is compact bone located in teh femur
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thick in the cortex of lower femoral neck and entire shaft.... basically areas subject to large shear and torsion
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what are the roles of cancellous bone in the femur
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absorb external forces
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what is a trabecular network
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concentrations of cancellous bone along lines of stress (i.e. on the femur the medial trabecular and the arcuate trabecular)
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spongy bone =
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cancellous bone
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