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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
top chambers
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Atria
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lower chambers
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Ventricles
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between left atrium and ventricle
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Mitral (bicuspid)
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between right atrium and ventricle
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Tricuspid
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between left ventricle and aorta
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Aortic
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between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
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Semilunar
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origin of depolarization wave
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SA Node
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i. Delays depolarization wave
ii. Often sight of conduction blocks |
AV Node
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Rapid conduction to left and right ventricle
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AV Bundle
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Conduction throughout ventricles
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Purkinje Fibers
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Corresponds to atrial contraction
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P wave
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Corresponds to ventricular depolarization
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QRS Complex
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Corresponds to ventricular repolarization
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T Wave
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Amount of blood ejected per beat
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Stoke Volume
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Percentage of end-diastolic volume ejected
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Ejection Fraction
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Rate of cardiac pumping
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Cardiac Output
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Peak pressure exerted during systole
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Systolic Blood Pressure
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Minimum pressure in arteries during diastole
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Diastolic Blood Pressure
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Stimulated by tension and accumulation of metabolites in muscle
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Exercise Pressor Reflex
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Parallels motor unit recruitment
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Central Command
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Respond to both increases and decreases in blood pressure during exercise.
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Baroreflexes
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Amount of pressure or volume distending the ventricle at end-diastole
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Preload
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Intrathoracic pressure is negative
• “Sucks” blood into chest and lungs • Right heart output increases, left heart output decreases |
Inspiration
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• Intrathoracic pressure is positive
• May restrict blood entering chest, unless high abdominal pressure overcomes the effect • Blood expelled from lungs • Right side output decreases, left side increases |
Expiration
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“milking” action of muscles
i. forces blood toward the heart ii. Decreases venous pressure, sucking” more blood through the muscle |
Muscle Pump
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Prevent back flow into muscle
Particularly important during standing |
Venous Valves
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Forces opposing the ejection of blood from the ventricle
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Afterload
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Contractile force not dependent on preload or afterload
In heart, usually associated with a change in intracellular [Ca++] |
Contractility
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All chambers of the heart, great veins
As filling pressure decreases, stimulates an increase in vasoconstriction |
Low Pressure Baroreflexes
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Aortic arch, carotid arteries
As blood pressure decreases, stimulates vasoconstriction and increased HR |
High Pressure Baroreflexes
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1. Arises from exercising skeletal muscle
2. Stimulates reflex increases in blood pressure |
Exercise Pressor Reflex
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a. Large; muscular walls, with a high proportion of elastin
b. Tolerate high pressure by stretching, which helps maintain forward flow during diastole |
Arteries
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a. Smaller; less muscular walls
b. Majority of resistance drop in the circulation |
Arterioles
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a. Thin walls, no muscle
b. Specialized for quick diffusion |
Capillaries
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a. Small veins; very distensible; little muscle
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Venules
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a. Low resistance, flexible conduits
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Veins
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a. Transport of substances
b. Temperature regulation c. Acid-base (pH) regulation |
Blood
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a. Transport of proteins from tissue
b. Prevent edema (swelling) |
Lymph
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i. carry O2 bound to hemoglobin
ii. 15g/100 mL hemoglobin |
Red blood cells
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I. Important anti-bacterial actions
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White Blood Cells
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1. Resistance to flow
2. Can limit blood flow if Hct>60% |
Viscosity
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causes greater contractile force with high preload
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Frank-Starling Mechanisms
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“stretchiness” of the heart
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Distensibility
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i. Lower at rest during standing
ii. Nearly maximal at rest while supine |
Body Position
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i. Greater at rest and during exercise in athletes
ii. Increase may plateau during moderate exercise in untrained people |
Greater Status
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Forces blood out of the lungs
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Valsalva maneuver
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Process of moving air through the lungs
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Ventilation
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Process of exchanging O2 and CO2 for metabolism
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Respiration
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Dome shaped, “flattens” to expand lungs
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Diaphragm
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Lift rib cage upward and outward
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External Intercostals
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direct determination of volume
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Spirometry
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1. Replenish O2 supply (oxygenate blood)
2. Remove CO2 from venous blood |
Pulmonary Diffusion
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Pressure driving diffusion
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Gas Exchange
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Random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
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Diffusion
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