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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is mechanics? |
branch f physics concerned with motions and forces |
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what is biomechanics? |
it is the study of the mechanics of biological systems |
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what is anatomy? |
the study of structure of living things |
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explain functional anatomy |
it is anatomy with reference to function (how to joints enable human movement?) |
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What are the the anatomical directions? |
anterior- posterior medial -lateral superior - inferior distal - proximal |
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What are the anatomical planes? |
sagittal frontal transverse |
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What are the anatomical motions? |
flexion - extension abduction -adduction internal -external rotation |
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Base Units of measurement |
meter (length) = m kilogram (mass) = kg second (time) = s |
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Eadward Muybridge |
1. nature photographer 2. developed techniques for photographing humans and animals in motion (1872-1893) 3. took pictures of horse at multiple moments in time |
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Kinematics |
branch of mechanics that deals with the description of motion |
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kinetics |
branch of mechanics that deals with the description of motions together with forces |
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Distance |
Scalar quantity that has magnitude alone |
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Displacement |
Vector quantity, with magnitude and direction |
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Speed |
scalar, distance divided by time |
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velocity |
vector, displacement divided by time |
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what does average velocity tell you? |
does not tell you what the velocity was at any one instant in time. It tells you the instantaneous velocity |
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differentiation |
computation of velocity from position and time differences |
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acceleration |
describes speeding up or slowing down vector quantity - has direction |
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who was Herophilus? |
335-280 BC first systematic dissections of human cadavers all work were lost but quoted by galen |
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Who was Galen? |
129 -199 AD human dissection against roman law anatomical theories dominated for 1500 years |
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anatomy in renaissance art |
in the 1400s -1500s Italian Renaissance artists needed to create more lifelike rendition of the human body |
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Andreas Vesalius |
founder of modern human anatomy 1514-1564 De Humani corporals fabrica (1543) check and disproved many claims of Galen |
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Grays Anatomy |
British anatomist Henry Gray published this classic text in 1858 made possible by anatomy act 1832 comprehensive, detailed and inexpensive still in print today |
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Guillaume Duchenne |
physiologie des mouvements (1866) developed electrodes placed on the surface of the skin described action of every important superficial muscle |
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a rigid frame
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skeleton serves as a scaffold rigid bones are needed for body weight support and locomotion during gait, bone levers permit stepping and push-off |
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bone types |
trabecular bones - spongy bines -composed of trabecular small struts and beams - light yet strong |
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compact bees |
cortical bone -solid, dense bone |
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bone architecture |
1. long bones 2. Epiphysis - rounded end of long bones made of trabecular covered with cortical shell 3. diaphysis - tubular shaft made of compact bones - cavity holds bone marrow the makes red blood cells |
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types of joints |
1. fibrous (synarthrodial) - connected by dense connective tissue - skull structures 2. cartilaginous (amaphiarthrodial) - allow more movement than fibrous - public symphysis: inteverbral disc 3. Synovial (diarthrodial) - free moving |
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Synovial Joints |
surrounded by joint capsule and membrane staining lubricating fluid cartilage - covers end of bones ligaments - connects bone to bone |
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synovial joint classification |
1. by mechanical analogue 2. by complexity |
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what is force? |
a force is a push or pull (SI) --> newton 'N' |
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external forces |
-forces that act on a body from outside of that body -unbalanced external forces cause motion |
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fundamental forms of force |
- gravitational -electrmagnetic -nuclear |
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internal forces |
forces applied entirely within a body or system of bodies - internal forces acting without external force produce no change in the motion of the entire body |
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tension |
if the interior parts of a body are being stretched the parts of the body "tensile" internal force |
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compression |
if interior parts new being pushed together, those parts of the body are in compression "compressive" internal force |
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weight |
a body weight is the external gravitational force exerted on the body by the earth |
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contact force |
forces may arise because of contact with solids or fluids separated into two components - normal force: perpendicular to the surface, opposes penetration - tangential force: along the surface, opposes sliding, friction |
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material properties |
every material will tolerate a certain amount of deformation |
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stiffness |
resistance to defamation for a given applied load |
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strength |
ability to withstand an applied stress without failure |
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sliding filament theory |
proposed independently in 1954 by H.E Huxley, A.F Huxley actin and myosin contractile portions force generated by creating, rotating, and releasing attachments called cross bridges |
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isometric |
muscle stays the same length |
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concentric |
muscle shortens |
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eccentric |
muscle lengthens |
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Newton's first law |
Law of inertia bodies at rest or in uniform motion are said to be in equilibrium forces acting on bodies in equilibrium are completely balanced |
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newtons second law |
-law of acceleration -constant of proportionality is a scalar property of the body called mass - net force and acceleration are vectors pointing in the same direction |
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newtons third law |
law of reaction in the case of two bodies in contact, the force exerted by the first on the second is equal and opposite to the force exerted by the seance on the first |
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a free body diagram |
useful tool for solving force balance problems |
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work |
equated with "exertion" in everyday language |
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positive work |
force and displacement are both vectors - each can be positive or negative (-)(-) or (+)(+) |
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negative work |
f and d in opposite directions (+)(-) or (-)(+) |
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energy |
the capacity to do work forms of energy - mechanical: kinetic, gravitational, elastic |
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Kinetic Energy |
any body that moves has KE Depends on speed v and mass m |
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potential energy |
stored energy that does not require movement Gravitational PE- depends on mass and height Elastic PE - stored in a body that deforms but returns to its original shape |
