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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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to bring into proper order so as to have harmonious action
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coordinate
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the patterning of body limb motions relative to the patterning of environmental objects and events.
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coordination
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certain patterns of movements are more desirable/beneficial for successful performance of a skill; patterns change or are altered.
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Coordination: patterns of body limb movement
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characteristics of the environment may cause altered movement patterns
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Coordination: relative to the environment
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the number of independent elements or components in a control system and the number of ways each component can act. The number depends on the level of control we choose to consider.
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degrees of freedom
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movements commands contain all the information necessary to initiate and carry out the planned movement. Visual, auditory, tactile, and proprioceptive feedabck is available, but the system does not use the feedback as it is not necessary or there is not enough time
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open-loop system
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movements commands contain only enough info to get the action started. Visual, auditory, tactile, or proprioceptive feedback is used to execute and complete the movement. Need to use feedback.
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closed-loop system
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behavioral v. neural perspective.
2 classifications of theories: motor program based theory and dynamic pattern theory. Commands of CNS: memory v. environmental interactions. |
behavioral theories of motor control
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organizing, initiating, and carrying out actions come from commands that are specific by the CNS and are contained within memory.
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motor program based theory
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organizing, initiating and carrying out actions come from commands specified by the environment. Movement control depends on the interaction between info provided by the environment and the body systems.
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dynamic pattern theory
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concept of a "motor program" at core.
Concept has roots in Greek philosophy. movements are represented in the CNS. current motor program theory in influenced by the work of Richard Smith (1975) - generalized motor program theory |
motor program based theory
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a separate motor program for every specific skill, and variation of that skill, is located in long term memory (LTM).
Storage problem, novelty problem. |
simple motor program theory.
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a separate motor program located in the LTM for each class of actions (a general movement pattern)
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generalized motor program theory
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set of different movements having common, but unique features, e.g. walking, jumping, throwing, kicking
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class of actions
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allows for performers to adapt the movement to meet the specific demands for the given situation. Eliminates the need to store info in LTM for every possible variation of the movement. Explains how individuals can perform novel tasks.
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motor program based theory
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schema theory
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Richard Schmidt
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a set of rules that provides a basis for a decision. Developed between force values and distance traveled. General motor theory.
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schema
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movement patterns NOT represented in motor programs. motor programs rely too much on org. and control of CNS, ignore the environ. Movement patterns emerge naturally due to the complex interactions of various factors.
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dynamic pattern theory
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movement patterns change abruptly.
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non-linear dynamics
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steady state of the system, systems will find a stable state if perturbed, syable state occur spontaneously.
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stability
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stable steady states, preferred steady state, movement patterns that occur when the system is allowed to operate in its perferred manner. Energy efficient states. (e.g. walking)
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attractors
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when a specific conditions occur, a specific stable pattern of movement will emerge. Movement patterns self-organize based on the characteristics of the environment and limb dynamics.
e.g. walk to run gait |
self-organization
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groups of muscles/joints are forced to act together and function together by the nervous system...functional synergies. Developed through practice or occur naturally.
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coordinative structures
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the interaction between perceptual variables and movement variables. Accounts for the skillful perf. of open skills. Perception-detect and use info in the environ. Action - setting and regulating kinetic and kinematic features of movement.
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perception and action coupling
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